Compared with single lithium or sodium， lithium-sodium alloy has better performance. In-situ electrochemical preparation of lithium sodium alloy is successfully achieved in button battery which is charged and discharged under gradient current density by using sodium metal as the positive electrode， lithium metal as the negative electrode， and LiPF₆， NaClO₄ or lithium sodium mixed ion electrolyte as the electrolyte. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of lithium and sodium double electrochemically active ions， the lithium-sodium mixed ion capacitors with different lithium contents as negative electrodes show good electrochemical performance. In particular， with lithium sodium alloy with high lithium content as the negative electrode and NaClO₄ electrolyte added， Carbon derived from sodium citrate （Sodium citrate derived carbon， SCDC-activated） maintains the high specific capacity of 238 mA·h/g and the capacity retention rate of 99% at the current density of 1 A/g for 300 cycles. With the addition of lithium-sodium mixed ion electrolyte， SCDC-activated exhibits the specific capacity of 319 mA·h/g， and it can retain 93 mA·h/g and 98% capacity retention rate after 1040 cycles.

In the application process of commercial lithium-ion battery electrolyte， the electrolyte， lithium salt lithium hexafluorophosphate （LiPF₆）， is prone to hydrolysis in presence of trace water， which can lead to the comprehensive electrochemical performance damage of the battery system. Therefore， it is urgent to control the introduction of trace water in the electrolyte body and measures to reduce the influence of lithium salt and trace water reaction products on the battery system. This article mainly summarizes the characteristics of additives containing different function groups in removing trace amounts of water and acid from electrolytes， and analyzes the function of acid-removing and water-removing. Finally， future research directions as well as application prospects of acid-removing and water-removing additives are prospected.

As a substitute for inorganic glass， organic optical resin has the advantages of light mass， good impact resistance， easy processing， and strong adjustability. The refractive index is one of the main parameters of optical resins. The level of refractive index can directly affect the thickness， aesthetics and comfort of the finished lens. Improving the refractive index of optical resins without reducing the overall performance of optical resins has always been a hot and difficult point in this field. The introduction of sulfur with high molar refractive index into optical resins is considered to be one of the most effective and commonly used methods. In this paper， sulfur-containing optical resins are divided into olefins， epoxys， episulfides， sulfur heterocyclic rings， and polyurethanes. The research progress in recent years at home and abroad is briefly reviewed， involving monomer synthesis， monomer polymerization， and the influences of monomer structures on the comprehensive performances of optical resins. The properties and development of the above materials are also analyzed.

Selective hydrogenation has very important applications in the chemical industry such as synthesis of functional materials and purification of chemical products. In recent years， in order to reduce the impact of the greenhouse effect， the selective hydrogenation of CO₂ into other valuable chemicals has become a research hotspot. Among them， the thermal catalysis is widely used， easy to obtain a variety of target products and high yield of products. At present， the heterogeneous thermal catalytic hydrogenation of CO₂ to produce methane， methanol， light olefins and other high-value fuels and chemicals has made some progresses， but their development is still challenging. The preparation of high-efficiency catalysts is one of the keys. For a long time， researchers have been committed to solving the problem of catalyst activity and selectivity， and modifying the catalysts by doping with additives and adding functional carriers. In response to these problems， this article briefly introduces the background of the catalytic hydrogenation of CO₂ and reviews the catalysts used in the heterogeneous thermal catalytic hydrogenation of CO₂ into methane， methanol and light olefin products in recent five years. It is expected to provide a reference for the development of new catalysts in the heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of CO₂.

With dodecyl amine intercalated orthorhombic molybdenum trioxide as the precursor， PH₃ was produced by decomposition of sodium hypophosphite as the phosphorus source， in a confined space by in-situ carbonization and phosphating method to synthesize “N-doped MoP/graphite” composite materials. The microstructure and physicochemical properties of the catalyst samples obtained at different phosphating temperatures of 700， 800 and 900 ℃ were characterized by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）， transmission electron microscopy （TEM）， X-ray diffraction （XRD）， X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）， Raman spectroscopy （Raman）， and specific surface area measurement （BET）. The catalytic performance in the hydrogen evolution reaction （HER） of water was investigated. The results show that part of dodecyl amine decomposes to form N-doped graphite as the conductive structure， and the other part decomposes to form nitrogen-doped molybdenum phosphide. The 800 ℃ phosphating sample has the largest pore size ratio and electrochemically active surface area， and shows the best catalytic performance （overpotential η_onset=111 mV， Tafel slope b=70 mV/dec and excellent stability of 27 hours） which is better than those of most reported molybdenum phosphide catalysts.

The methods for synthesizing methanol from methane include indirect method and direct catalytic oxidation method， but the indirect method requires high equipment， and the methane conversion rate and methanol selectivity are not ideal. Direct catalytic oxidation method （DMTM） can produce methanol with high selectivity through a one-step reaction， and has huge application potential. For DMTM， the homogeneous catalytic system usually requires a special reaction medium combined with a precious metal catalyst. Although the reaction efficiency is high， it is corrosive to the reaction equipment， the product is not easy to separate， and the application prospect is poor. Liquid phase-heterogeneous catalysis generally uses H₂O₂ as the oxidant， Au， Pd， Fe， Cu and other metal elements as the main active component of the catalyst， and·OH is the main oxidation active substance， which can be used at low temperature to realize the activation and oxidation of methane. Therefore， heterogeneous catalytic systems are currently the mainstream of research. Gas phase-heterogeneous catalysis mainly uses O₂ and N₂O as oxidants. The former is more active， and the latter is more selective for products. In addition， H₂O in anaerobic systems can also be directly used as oxygen donors， commonly Cu， Fe， Rh， etc. elements are used as catalysts. Zeolite molecular sieves are the most widely used support， and metal oxides， metal organic frameworks （MOFs） and graphene are also involved. Multi-metal synergistic catalysis has achieved good results. This article mainly summarizes the research on the direct catalytic oxidation of thermally catalyzed methane to methanol in recent years， and prospects for future research directions.

Among many hydrogen production technologies， electrolysis of water has many obvious advantages， such as environmentally friendly， simple and easy to operate. Industrial-scale hydrogen production is typically carried out at high current density. A great number of H₂ bubbles will generate on the electrode surface during the process of hydrogen production. The aggregation and adhesion of bubbles on the electrode surface will lead to a large number of active sites being covered， resulting in the reduction of the efficiency. Therefore， regulating bubble wetting behavior is crucial for industrial electrolysis of water. In recent years， superaerophobic materials have attracted much attention due to their unique wetting capabilities. Superwetting interface materials can be constructed by controlling the chemical composition of the electrode surface and constructing rough structure at micro and nano scales. This type of material has a superhydrophilic/superaerophobic interface structure， which facilitates the effective infiltration of aqueous electrolyte and accelerates the release of in-situ generated bubbles， thus enhancing the water splitting performance of the catalyst. This paper systematically introduces the water splitting catalysts with superhydrophilic/superaerophobic interfacial structures reported in recent years， outlines the synthetic design strategies and catalytic performance of the catalysts， and the current research status， challenges and application prospects of superwetting water splitting catalysts are summarized and prospected.

Lonicera caerulea is a kind of natural wild edible berry with physiological activities such as scavenging free radicals， inhibiting phosphorylation of proteins related to inflammatory pathways and inhibiting proliferation of cancer cells. Its anti-oxidation， regulation of blood lipids， anti-tumor， anti-radiation and other health benefits can be applied to regulate intestinal flora structure， anti-cancer， anti-obesity， protect eyesight and other functional food fields. Besides， Lonicera caerulea has strong cold resistance capability and is easy to grow， which has a high market development value. This article summarizes the chemical information of active chemical components （procyanidins， anthocyanins， anthocyanins， flavonoids， organic acids， polysaccharide and other compounds） in Lonicera caerulea and sums up the extraction and separation methods of different types of chemical components （solvent extraction， enzymatic hydrolysis， microwave assisted extraction method， etc.）， which aims at providing the basis for the further research and development and deep processing products develop of Lonicera caerulea.

Deep learning has gone through breakthroughs in many research fields including computer vision， natural language processing， etc. due to multiple driving factors such as knowledge， data， algorithms and computing power. In addition， it has gradually spawned a number of new research directions with the migration and application as well as cross-integration among various disciplines. Cheminformatics is a discipline that solves chemical problems with the applied informatics methods， and deep learning can be useful since it is very powerful in nonlinear learning. Deep learning model can be used to screen and predict in the data set， and then verify the feasibility of the results based on theoretical calculation. Finally， the results are represented by experiments， which shortens the experimental period， reduces the labor cost and accelerates the intelligence of cheminformatics. This paper briefly introduces the development history and main network model architecture of deep learning as well as the latest research and application status of deep learning in synthesis planning， compound structure-activity relation and catalyst design in recent years， and also discusses and expects the future development direction.

Heavy metals are difficult to biodegrade and pose a serious threat to the environment and human life and health. Hence， the detection and treatment of heavy metal pollution is vital. In recent years， electrochemical methods for the detection of heavy metal ions have become a research hotspot in the field of heavy metal detection because of their high sensitivity， fast analysis speed and the ability to detect multiple metal ions simultaneously. This paper reviews the detection principles and development status of common electrochemical detection methods， and describes the detection effects of potentiometric analysis， potentiometric stripping analysis and voltammetry by introducing the parameters of linear range， detection limit and recovery. Finally， the review outlines the advantages and disadvantages of various methods， and points out the future research directions in order to provide a basis for the application of electrochemical sensors.

It is a constant pursuit of chemists to get high-performance polyolefin materials. The structure of the olefin polymerization catalyst plays a crucial role on its catalytic performance. Meanwhile， the defects in polyolefin applications highly depend on their structure modifications， e.g. the toughness of polymer can be increased， the friction coefficient of polymer surface can be reduced or the surface energy can be increased by modification. This review summarizes the research progress of metal olefin polymerization catalysts， including Ziegler-Natta catalysts， metallocene catalysts， non-metallocene catalysts and control strategies. The effects of steric hindrance， bimetallic synergism and fluorine effect of these catalysts are discussed.

Portulaca oleracea L. （PO） contains various active chemicals. PO is a medicine and food homologous to traditional Chinese medicine， which has high medicinal and edible value. In recent years， it has been widely used in the field of the chemical industry， especially in the field of cosmetics. Cosmetic companies have developed facial masks， essence， skin care water， cleanser and other cosmetic products that have been added the active ingredient extracted from PO. However， the related commercial cosmetics of PO mainly contain the ethanol extracts， while there are few cosmetic products involving its aqueous extracts， such as polysaccharide and polyphenol. The emergence of new dosage forms has enriched the research on the percutaneous delivery system of PO in cosmetics， and new carriers such as liposomes， delivery bodies， and β-cyclodextrins can be developed in the future. The chemical composition， function， mechanism， and application of Portulaca oleracea in cosmetics are summarized， and some suggestions and prospects are put forward on the development and application of Portulaca oleracea in cosmetics.

As the third generation of new concept solar cells， perovskite solar cells have the advantages of high photoelectric conversion efficiency， low-cost and flexible processing. They have been developed rapidly in recent years. Their photoelectric conversion efficiency has increased from 3.8% at the beginning to 25.5% in the near future. They are gradually comparable to silicon cells and have been close to the level of commercial application. At present， the key link to realize the industrial application of perovskite solar cells is battery packaging. It can not only solve the stability problem of perovskite photovoltaic devices， but also meet the requirements of battery safety， environmental protection and prolonging service life. Combined with the development status of perovskite photovoltaic cell packaging materials and packaging technology in recent ten years， this paper introduces the achievements and shortcomings in the field of perovskite cell packaging， and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the existing packaging technologies， as well as their applicable different device types. Under different temperature and humidity conditions， the effects of different packaging material properties and packaging process conditions on the efficiency and stability of perovskite battery are compared， and three key factors affecting the packaging effect of perovskite battery thin film are summarized： elastic modulus of polymer， water vapor transmittance and processing temperature. The suitable processing temperature， advantages and disadvantages and processing cost of different polymer film packaging materials are compared. It can be seen that with the strong growth of industrial demand for perovskite photovoltaic cells and the deepening of people's research on their packaging materials， it will be an inevitable trend to study new functional polymer packaging materials suitable for large-scale production and photovoltaic building integration.

The rapid development of sustainable energy has made green and clean hydrogen energy a hot spot. Proton exchange membrane （PEM） water electrolysis is a promising technology that can efficiently produce high-purity hydrogen. IrO₂， the-state-of-the-art electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction （OER）， can not only overcome the high corrosion conditions in acidic media， but also exhibit superior catalytic performance. However， due to the scarcity and high price of Ir， it is crucial to develop low-Ir catalysts and improve the OER activity. The study of its reaction mechanism is one of the current research hotspots， and it is also the key to the design of excellent OER catalysts. The conventional adsorbate evolution mechanism （AEM） and lattice oxygen evolution reaction mechanism （LOER） are introduced. Subsequently， based on the two proposed mechanisms， the basic design principles of OER catalysts are introduced， namely， regulating the electronic structure of Ir-based catalysts， improving the adsorption energy of reaction intermediate species on the catalytic active sites， thereby increasing the catalytic activity of OER. It also briefly summarizes the recent research progress of OER catalysts from the three aspects of catalyst structure design， morphology control， and support materials， and the recent research progress of OER catalysts is briefly summarized. Moreover， several unresolved problems are put forward on the basis of the existing OER catalysts， which points out the direction for further research.

Biological minerals represented by calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate are elsewhere in nature. Through different biomineralization processes， they present a wide variety of structures， morphologies， and functions， constituting various tissues and organs. In the field of artificial material synthesis， biomineralized inorganic or inorganic/organic hybrid materials with special structures and biological functions could be obtained by regulating the nucleation and growth of mineral crystal， such as calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate. This article focuses on recent research progresses on the mechanisms and applications of biomimetic mineralization， including crystallization theories （e.g.， classical and non-classical nucleation theories）， crystallization controlling processes （e.g.， using inorganic ions， organic small molecules， biological macromolecules， organic polymers）， biological applications （e.g.， bone tissue engineering， dental enamel restoration， biomimetic enhancement materials， etc.）. At last， we provide a brief outlook on the future research direction of biomimetic mineralization. This article serves as a reference for the preparation and application of advanced bionic materials.

Molybdenum disulfide quantum dots/reduced graphene oxide （MoS₂ QDs/rGO） composites were prepared by a one-pot solvothermal reduction method with sodium molybdate， L-cysteine and graphene oxide as raw materials. The photocatalytic degradation performance of photocatalysts was studied under visible light with rhodamine B （RhB）， methylene blue （MB）， tetracyclines （TC） and Cr（VI） as the target pollutants， respectively. MoS₂ QDs/rGO composites exhibit excellent photocatalytic activity and stability that are superior to molybdenum disulfide quantum dots and reduced graphene oxide. The photodegradation rates of RhB， MB and Cr（VI） are all above 97%， and those of TC are 69%. Moreover， MoS₂ QDs/rGO composites possess high photocatalytic stability and reusability and could be reused for ten times without significant decrease of photocatalytic activity. The photodegradation rates of the two dyes are both maintained over 90%. The photodegradation mechanism of MoS₂ QDs/rGO composites is studied by adding radical scavengers of isopropanol， p-benzoquinone and EDTA-2Na， respectively. It is found that superoxide radical （·O {}_{\mathrm{2}}^{-} ） is the main active species of MoS₂ QDs/rGO.

Energy and environmental issues are one of the greatest challenges in the 21st. Utilizing and storing energy helps alleviate a series of severe environment pollution problems， thus， becoming a hotpot of research. Methods of using cleaning energy， such as electrochemical energy storage， photocatalysis， interfacial solar evaporation and fog collection， have been considered as an environment-friendly way to solve issues above. In recent years， learning from nature has been an efficient way to acquire inspiration. Natural creatures， characteristics in organisms， structure of bio-system， these natural designs all show fabulous mysteries. In this review， we emphasis applications of hydrogel in the field of energy conversion and storage. Firstly， we briefly introduce the characteristics， classification， synthesis and other relevant information of hydrogel. Furthermore， we also give a brief introduction of the advanced technology and corresponding requirements in the field of energy， such as electrochemical energy storage， photocatalysis， solar evaporation and so on. Electrochemical energy storage requires enough reactive active sites to ensure efficient energy conversion and hydrogels can provide more reaction sites because of larger surface area. Besides， the good flexibility and mechanical properties of hydrogels are more adaptable to be used in more situations. The technologies of photocatalysis and photothermal evaporation are all required efficient solar absorption performance. The methods that heat localization and water states adjustment can improve the performance of solar evaporation efficiently. Hydrogels are porous， which can enhance the multiple reflection in the micro-channels， thereby enhancing the absorption of light. Selecting proper functional group of polymers can adjust the state of water， so the polymer chain of hydrogel has a certain impact on the state of water. Regulating the state of water can help reduce the evaporation enthalpy of water， which can improve the performance of photothermal evaporation. By learning from nature， hydrogel has gone through three processes from simple use of biomass components to structural bionics to the current bio-inspired bionics. This review provides new ideas for follow-up research by giving specific examples of bionic hydrogel applications in the energy and environment fields. Finally， we give a simple summary and concise outlook about the development of bio-inspired hydrogels.

All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries possess excellent safety performance and high energy density， and are expected to be the next generation energy storage devices to replace traditional liquid batteries. Solid-state electrolytes are definitely the key materials to achieve the real all-solid-state batteries. In recent years， considerable progress has been made in halide electrolytes， especially rare earth-containing bromide based solid electrolytes （RE-BSEs）， which show good ionic conductivities （up to mS/cm order of magnitude）， electrochemical stability （1.5~3.4 V vs.Li⁺/Li） and so on. In this article， we review the research advances focusing on the possible applications and technical bottlenecks of RE-BSEs. Hopefully， it may be enlightening and spark some inspirations in terms of synthetic strategies， lithium ion transportation mechanism， and investigating methodologies in the study of RE-BSEs. Rare earth is one of the most important strategic resources of China and even for the world. The research and important achievements made on RE-BSEs show the high value potentials of rare earth elements， especially in fields of solid ionics and energy saving and conversions. It is of great significance for structural adjustment of energy economics， and will contribute to the emission peak and carbon neutrality.

Protein is the material basis of all livings， which is the main bearer of life activity and participates in the regulation of physiological functions. Designing proteins with specific functions is of great significance in the fields of protein engineering， biomedicine， and material science. Protein sequence design refers to the design and identification of amino acid sequences that can fold into the desired structure with the desired function. Protein sequence design is the core of rational protein engineering and has great potentials for research and application. With the exponential growth of protein sequence data and the rapid development of deep learning technology， generative models are increasingly used in protein sequence design. This review briefly introduces the significance of protein sequence design and the methods developed for protein sequence design. The principles of the four main generative models used for protein sequence design are discussed in detail. Reports on the latest research and application of generative models in protein sequence representation， generation， and optimization over the past several years are presented. Finally， the future developments of protein sequence design are outlooked.

With the technological development and progresses of the semiconductor industry， chip manufacturing is stepping forward to the advanced technology nodes under the impetus of Moore's Law. Meanwhile， the corresponding advanced materials for lithography are highly desired to satisfy the rapid development of advanced lithographic patterning. This review focuses on the composition and performances of materials for lithography. The photoresist from ultraviolet， deep ultraviolet， and extreme ultraviolet light as well as semiconducting photoresist and materials for directed self-assembly （DSA） are systematically summarized. Subsequently， the current market development and requirement of materials for lithography are critically examined. Finally， after a brief summary， an outlook for the prospective studies on advanced materials for lithography and the corresponding solutions to improve the domestic market occupancy is provided.

Silicon （Si） has become the most promising anode material for the next generation lithium-ion battery because of its ultra-high theoretical specific capacity. However， the intercalation and removal of lithium-ions will cause a great change in the volume of silicon microparticles（SiMP）， which will lead to the pulverization of SiMP and irreversible attenuation of electrode capacity， which seriously limits the wide application of silicon-based materials. A large number of reports in the past have shown that polymer binder can effectively overcome the “island effect” caused by the volume expansion of SiMP. It could maintain the integrity of the electrode in the charge-discharge process， and then improve the electrochemical performance of the electrode. According to the structure classification of polymer binders， they can be roughly divided into four categories， linear， branched， cross-linked and conjugated. When the binders with different molecular structures are used as silicon-based negative electrode， the electrodes show different electrochemical properties. Particularly， when polymer binders with multiple molecular structures are designed， the practical application of silicon-based negative electrodes will be greatly promoted. By analyzing the effects of various polymer binders on the electrochemical properties of silicon anode， the differences of binders with different molecular structures can be clearly obtained， and then provide ideas for the development of silicon anode polymer binder in the future. Finally， this paper proposes the design direction of the next-generation polymer binder to promote its development towards large-scale application and industrial production.

Lignin is one of the most abundant and significant natural polymeric materials in the world， and its position is only second to cellulose. In woody plants， lignin content accounts for about 25%. Due to its chemical inertness and structural complexity， the application of lignin is very limited. Therefore， the chemical modification of lignin is the key method to transform lignin into functional materials， which is of great significance for the sustainable development of resources and environment. In this review， the research progress on the development of chemical modification of lignin and its applications， including wastewater treatment， heterogeneous catalysis and other aspects， are summarized. Furthermore， discussions on challenges and perspectives in the field of lignin modification are also presented.

In the context of the development of new energy sources to reduce carbon emissions and achieve carbon neutralization， power batteries represented by lithium-ion batteries are given higher expectations. The development of electrode materials with high capacity， high multiplicity and high stability is a key step to achieve this goal. Graphite cathodes and silicon carbon cathodes are relatively mature at present， and maintain their respective advantages. Black phosphorus has two-dimensional layered structure and high lithium potential， which shows outstanding advantages in realizing extremely fast charging， but there are also some problems such as volume expansion. In view of the problems of black phosphorus anode， researchers studied the optimization from various dimensions， including structure optimization， surface interface optimization and the pre-lithiation strategy. In this paper， the possibility that black phosphorus can be used as anode electrode of extremely fast charging lithium ion battery is demonstrated， the optimization progress of black phosphorus negative electrode is then reviewed， and its own views and suggestions are put forward. The challenges and development direction of black phosphorus anode electrode are pointed out， and the development prospect of black phosphorus anode electrode is prospected.

AB₂ hydrogen storage alloy has attracted extensive research interest due to its advantages of high theoretical hydrogen storage capacity， long cycle life and high cost performance. However， AB₂ hydrogen storage alloy has some disadvantages such as activation difficulty， toxicity and high platform， which hinders its practical application. In recent years， aiming at the defects of AB₂ alloy， researchers have carried out a lot of modification studies and made great progress. This paper summarizes the research progress of AB₂-type hydrogen storage alloys in the past 30 years， focuses on the methods to improve its hydrogen storage performance， and puts forward the key research directions of AB₂-type alloys in the future.

Liquid phosphorus-31 (³¹P) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the major analytical technique for the characterization of soil organic phosphorus (P_o) species at the molecular level, and usually requires to extract soil P_ousing NaOH-EDTA (ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid) solution before the spectrum is collected under high pH (pH=13) conditions. However, soil P_omay be hydrolyzed under high pH conditions, which affects the accuracy of the P-NMR measurements. Furthermore, the pH of soils usually ranges from 6 to 8, and thus it is necessary to explore the differences in the spectra of P_ocompounds under different pH conditions. Typical P compounds including D-glucose-6-phosphate disodium (D-G-6-P), 5′-adenosine monophosphate (5′AMP) and sodium dihydrogen phosphate standards were selected for this study under different pH conditions. The results show that the pH change significantly affects spectral features of the investigated P_ocompounds. For D-G-6-P, the shape and peak positions of the NMR spectra both change under varied pH conditions, but pH mainly affects the position of 5′AMP and NaH₂PO₄absorption peaks. D-G-6-P has α-and β-forms in solutions, and transforms into glucose phosphate, mannose phosphate, fructose phosphate and saccharinic acid phosphate, but it mainly exists as 3-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl phosphate and saccharinic acid after degradation, accounting for more than 50% of the total content, at high pH. For 5′-adenosine monophosphate, there are three conformations of 5′AMP in the solution. The resolved peak at high pH probably results from the hydrolysis of 5′AMP to produce orthophosphate, while for NaH₂PO₄, the existence of and at low and high pH values leads to changes in the peak shift in the spectra. Overall, the extraction of P_ousing NaOH-EDTA solution with high pH may significantly change the speciation of P_o, and thus induce the changes in their spectra. This study provides theoretical bases for the comprehensive understanding of soil P_oNMR spectra and the development of new method to characterize soil P_o speciation at pH values approaching natural soil pH ranges.

Lead， as a heavy metal， is widely used in industrial production， which has a significant impact on the environment and human health. The development of lead ion detection strategies is necessary in recent research areas. Compared with traditional detection methods， the fluorescence method has the advantages of high sensitivity and good selectivity. Therefore， the fluorescence method is often used for qualitative or quantitative analysis of heavy metal ions in actual samples such as water bodies. This review summarizes the research progress on fluorescence detection of lead ions， including fluorescent dyes， fluorescent nanomaterials and fluorescent biomaterials even fluorescent proteins. In addition， an outlook of future development trends and challenges of fluorescence detection is also prospected.

Electrolyzing water to hydrogen supported by renewable energy is pivotal for achieving the goal of carbon neutrality and the development of a sustainable society in the future. However， catalytic materials often undergo complex structural evolution during the service process of electrolyzing water， which poses a great challenge to in-depth understand the reaction mechanism of the process of electrolyzing water and precise design of high-efficiency catalytic materials. The real-time monitoring of the dynamic evolution process of the catalytic material structure through in situ electrochemical Raman characterization technology is the key to reveal the dynamic structure-activity correlation of the electrolyzed water material as well as the mechanism of the catalytic reaction. This review introduces the basic principles of in situ electrochemical Raman characterization technology， focusing on the latest developments in the phase structure evolution of catalytic materials， surface active sites and the behavior of interfacial water molecules， and considers the change law between the structure and performance evolution for electrolytic water catalytic materials in service， which provides a technical basis for the accurate construction of dynamic structure-activity correlation in the full life cycle of catalytic materials. Lastly， the problems and challenges of in situ electrochemical Raman characterization technology in the application toward electrolytic water are analyzed and summarized， prospecting the future development of advanced in situ electrochemical Raman technology.

Urea as an effective hydrogen carrier can be used in urea electrolysis （UE） for hydrogen production and direct urea fuel cells （DUFC）. In urea electrolysis， the coupling of urea oxidation reaction （UOR） at the anode and hydrogen evolution reaction （HER） at the cathode to produce hydrogen is more cost-effective than water electrolysis， with energy consumption reduced by about 30% and economic cost reduced by about 36%. In the direct urea fuel cells， urea as fuel at the anode and coupled with oxygen reduction at the cathode can convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy. As the basis of these two energy conversion technologies， UOR has received more and more attention. This review discusses the reaction principle and performance description parameters of UOR in alkaline electrolytes and introduces the application of UOR in UE and DUFC. Attention is also given to the principles of UE and DUFC and the development status of some catalysts， and finally， the challenges faced in the development of UE and DUFC are also commented. Hopefully， this review will be helpful for understanding the basics of UE and DUFC.

Zinc-air batteries （ZABs） are regarded as one of the most promising candidates for a new generation of advanced energy conversion and storage devices， while the inferior activity and stability of air cathode electrocatalysts largely hinder the widespread application of ZABs. The extensive efforts for exploring and designing high active yet stable air cathode catalysts is， therefore， indispensable for the improvement of ZABs performance. Recently， carbon-encapsulated iron-based nanoparticles have been reported to exhibit excellent oxygen catalytic performance on account of their resistance to corrosion， oxidation， and aggregation under harsh conditions， and have been widely used as cathode materials for ZABs. As a result， we systematically summarize the applications of carbon-encapsulated transition metal iron-based materials as cathode catalysts for ZABs. In this review， the basic principle of ZABs and challenges faced by air cathode catalysts are firstly expounded. Then， the research progress of the carbon-encapsulated iron-based nanoparticles electrocatalysts （such as iron-based and its alloy， carbide， oxide and phosphide， et al.） are emphatically discussed and analyzed. Finally， the future development perspectives of carbon-encapsulated iron-based electrocatalysts in the applications of ZABs are put forward.

Electrochemical synthesis of hydrogen peroxide （H₂O₂） via two-electron oxygen reduction reaction （2e-ORR） is featured with cost effectiveness and environmental friendliness， and enables on-site production of H₂O₂ on demand. One of the key technologies is the development of safe， economical and efficient 2e-ORR catalysts. Here， the research progress in precious-metal-based catalytic materials for the synthesis of H₂O₂via 2e-ORR in recent ten years is reviewed. This review starts with the fundamental mechanism of ORR， pointing out the tuning knobs of reaction pathway on precious-metal surfaces， namely， ^*OOH binding energy and O₂ adsorption mode. The regulating methodologies of geometric structure and electronic structure of precious-metal materials are summarized and exemplified， emphasizing the importance of balanced optimization of catalytic activity and selectivity. We have also briefly introduced the lab-scale methods for performance evaluation of 2e-ORR catalysts. Finally， the challenges and prospects of H₂O₂ synthesis catalyzed by precious metals are discussed， especially the catalyst stability and the objective evaluation of cost. This review is expected to provide a reference for rational design of novel 2e-ORR catalysts.

Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks?8 （ZIF?8） is a kind of porous material with large specific surface area and strong stability， which is widely used in gas storage， separation， catalysis and other fields. In this work， the effect of different reaction conditions， such as the molar ratio of Zn²⁺ to 2?methylimidazole， the amount of surfactant and the reaction solvents， on the size and morphology of ZIF?8 were reported. Among these conditions， the molar ratio of Zn²⁺ to 2?methylimidazole is the key factor affecting the size and morphology of ZIF?8. The synthesized ZIF?8 nanoparticles were characterized by SEM， BET and XRD. The size of ZIF?8 decreases gradually from 1500 nm to 850 nm then to 250 nm， and the morphology changes from truncated hexahedron to truncated dodecahedron and finally to dodecahedron. The specific surface area of ZIF?8 nanoparticles with a particle size of 250 nm is 1730 m²/g， and the pore size and pore volume are 1.5 nm and 0.6 cm³/g， respectively. Therefore， it can be seen that ZIF?8 nanoparticles with a particle size of 250 nm have excellent carrier characteristics. The impregnation method was further adopted to synthesize the supported catalyst， and boron ammonia was used as the reducing agent. The ZIF?8 （250 nm）nanoparticles were loaded with metals/precious metal nanoparticles in situ， the component optimization and catalytic performance were further studied. The obtained catalyst ZIF?8/Pt_0.002@Ni_0.2 shows excellent performance in hydrogen generation from aminoborane.

An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method (UPLC-MS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of four pyridine nucleotide coenzymes (NADPH, NADP⁺, NADH and NAD⁺) in cells. The analytes were rapidly extracted with methanol at low temperature, separated by Atlantis PREMIER BEH C₁₈AX column with a gradient elution with 10 mmol/L ammonium formate and acetonitrile, and detected in negative ion [M-H] ^-scanning under the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. For the four pyridine nucleotide coenzymes, the method shows good linear relationships in wide ranges of concentrations, the limits of detection and quantification are in the range of 0.03~0.3 pmol and 0.06~1.2 pmol, respectively, and the detection accuracy is 92.71%~107.65% with the relative standard deviation of 1.98%~7.57%. The method is simple, rapid, accurate and sensitive. It is suitable for the rapid quantitative determination of pyridine nucleotide coenzymes in both human and microbial cells, and provides reliable technical support for the research of cell physiological metabolism.

Layered transition metal oxide cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries have the characteristics of low price and high specific capacity， which is an important support for energy transition in the future and has great development potential. In the process of charging and discharging， the typical layered oxide cathode materials with the most promising development and application will produce a series of changes affecting their electrochemical properties with the insertion and extration of sodium-ion. Therefore， the modification of cathode materials is particularly important. The current mainstream failure mechanism， modification methods， challenges and key problems to be solved in the future development are summarized and put forward.

As an emerging material， multifunctional metal-organic framework MIL-88A（Fe） poses a potential application in water treatment. Considering the unique physical and chemical properties of MIL-88A（Fe） （i.e. porous structure， unsaturated metal sites and excellent visible light absorption ability）， MIL-88A（Fe） can heterogeneously combine with other functional materials （i.e. carbon materials， inorganic semiconductor materials） to improve its adsorption and catalytic performance. This paper reviews the application of MIL-88A（Fe） and its composites as adsorbents and catalysts in water treatment. The mechanism of adsorption removal of pollutants in water by MIL-88A（Fe） and its composites （especially heavy metal ions） is summarized， and the reaction mechanism for degradation of organic pollutants in water by MIL-88A（Fe） and its composites in photocatalytic technology， Fenton-like technology， peroxydisulfate advanced oxidation technology and ozone-catalytic technology is introduced. It is pointed out that the MIL-88A（Fe）-based functional materials have problems such as narrow applicable pH range and difficulty in recycling in the process of wastewater treatment. Future research needs to optimize the preparation condition of MIL-88A（Fe） to improve the yield and ensure the regular morphology， small size and high crystallinity of MIL-88A（Fe）， improve the stability of MIL-88A（Fe） by surface coating technology， and enhance the recycling performance of MIL-88A（Fe） by endowing its magnetic property. In addition， according to the structure of the target organic pollutants and water quality condition， it is necessary to reasonably adjust the degradation contribution of the free radical pathway and the non-radical pathway to the target pollutant in the MIL-88A（Fe）-based advanced oxidation process， thus achieving the best decontamination effect.

1，3-Propanediol is an important chemical material， and the production of 1，3-propanediol by biological fermentation often produces 2，3-butanediol， which limits the further industrial application of bio-based 1，3-propanediol. 1，3-Propanediol and 2，3-butanediol have strong hydrophilicity， which makes it difficult to separate in low-concentration fermentation broth. ZIF-71 containing group —Cl （hydrophobicity and large polarizability） is selected to adsorb and separate 2，3-butanediol/1，3-propanediol from dilute aqueous solutions since 2，3-butanediol has a longer carbon chain and larger polarizability than 1，3-propanediol. The results show that the binary competitive adsorption capacity of ZIF-71 for 2，3-butanediol is 123.6 mg/g， the binary competitive separation selectivity for 2，3-butanediol/1，3-propanediol is up 7.6 and is better than Beta. In the three-cycle adsorption and desorption experiments， ZIF-71 still maintains a stable structure and selective adsorption for 2，3-butanediol. We reveal the separation mechanism of ZIF-71 for 1，3-propanediol and 2，3-butanediol through molecular simulation. The interaction between ZIF-71 and 1，3-propanediol is mainly through weak van der Waals force； while the interaction between ZIF-71 and 2，3-butanediol is through the synergistic effect of strong van der Waals force and weak hydrogen bonding， which causes the selective adsorption of 2，3-butanediol by ZIF-71. Therefore， ZIFs materials are expected to be candidate adsorbents for the selective adsorption and separation of by-product 2，3-butanediol from dilute aqueous solutions， which promotes the industrialization of biological production of 1，3-propanediol.

Hydrogels have tissue-like mechanical properties and excellent biocompatibility， and are widely recognized as ideal candidate materials for bioelectronics. Inspired by bio-tissues such as skin， nerves， and muscles， etc.， a lot of hydrogels with biomimetic structures and functions have been developed to mimic the capability of creatures to sense external stimuli including temperature， pressure， strain， and electric field， etc. Such biomimetic hydrogels have important applications in electronic skin， artificial muscles， and artificial nerves， etc. This article reviews recent progress of biomimetic flexible hydrogel electronics， including representative hydrogel flexible electronic devices， typical applications， and major challenges in this field. Some open key scientific issue and important directions are outlooked in a brief perspective section at the end.

The development of efficient anode materials plays an important role in the large-scale commercialization of solid oxide fuel cell （SOFC）. Based on the design concept of component engineering， PrBaMn_1.6X_0.4O_5+δ （PBMX，X = Co，Ni，Fe） layered perovskite anodes are synthesized by simple B-site doping transition metals into Pr_0.5Ba_0.5MnO_3-δ . The effect of doping with different transition metals on the microstructure and electrochemical properties of PrBaMn₂O_{5+δ（PBMO） is systematically investigated， and the effect of A-site defects on the PBMX anodes is further analyzed. The results show that the doping effect of Co and Ni is obviously better than that of Fe， PrBaMn1.6Co0.4O5+δ （PBMC） and PrBaMn1.6Ni0.4O5+δ （PBMN） will generate more oxygen vacancies during the reduction process， and the electrochemical properties of the materials are better. Among them， PBMC has the highest catalytic activity as an anode material， with a polarization resistance of 0.170 Ω·cm² and a peak power density of 874 mW/cm² at 800 ℃ in H2， showing that the enhancement of the electrochemical activity is due to the enhancement of the surface roughness and the increase of oxygen vacancies. In addition， the introduction of A-site deficiency can improve the performance of PBMX， the polarization resistance of P0.6BMC is only 0.090 Ω·cm² and the peak power density is 952 mW/cm² at 800 ℃.}

Photocatalysis has shown a great potential as a low-cost， environmentally friendly and sustainable treatment technology. However， limitations in incident light utilization and charge separation are major drawbacks that restrict the activity of current semiconductors. Coinage metal nanoclusters have been increasingly explored recently as photocatalytic material due to ultra-small size （<2 nm）， separated energy level and tunable electronic structures. Meanwhile， it is an ideal model for exploring the photocatalytic mechanism at the atomic level because of its atomically precise structure. This review provides an overview of photocatalytic reactions based on coinage metal nanoclusters， including water splitting for hydrogen production， organic pollutant degradation， and aerobic oxidation of amines to imines. By discussing strategies to tailor the photocatalytic properties of coinage metal nanoclusters， the development potential of coinage metal nanocluster photocatalysts are prospected.

Metal-organic frameworks （MOFs） as a kind of inorganic-organic hybrid materials have potential applications in many fields due to their diverse structures and unique functionalities. In particular， liquid phase epitaxial layered MOFs films （called SURMOFs films， SURMOFs） have attracted much attention due to their controllable thickness， optimal growth orientation and uniform surface. This article summarizes the liquid phase epitaxy （LPE） layers of assembly MOFs thin film technology and methods， such as layer-by-layer （LBL） dipping method， LBL pump method， layer spray method and LBL spin coating method. The article also introduces the classical SURMOF layers of HKUST-1 assembly strategy and its related applications in photoluminescence， photochromic， photocatalytic and electrocatalysis. As one of the classical MOF materials， HKUST-1 has a wide range of applications in photoelectric field， and it has the unique properties： it can be used as a luminous carrier to achieve good optical properties； it has the advantage of unique Cu catalytic active site and can effectively degrade pollutants； it has potential applications in electronic devices because of its dielectric properties. Since SURMOF HKUST-1 has unique properties in many fields， it also faces some challenges： it needs to simplify the process of film synthesis； the structure of thin films and the mechanism of electrocatalysis also need further study； methods for reducing HKUST-1 internal resistance which can increase the conductivity also need to be improved. SURMOFs still has a long way to go for large-scale industrial applications and expansion to other unexplored areas.

Liquid-like dynamic interface materials， as a sort of emerging liquid-repellent interface materials， have attracted extensive attention due to the advantages of stable exclusion and low hysteresis when liquids with widespread surface tension moving on the surface. The main preparation strategy for liquid-like dynamic interface materials， is to graft a class of flexible polymer brush with low glass transition temperature on the surface. As these molecular chains are free to rotate and move， liquids on the surface exhibit low hysteresis， low adhesion， and high slip possibility. These performances are crucial when practical applications are in consideration. First， micro-nano rough structures are not necessary for liquid-like coatings. Second， there is no lubricant consumption since the nano-scale slippery coating is covalently bonded on the surface. Third， omniphobicity for liquids with widespread surface tension is shown on liquid-like surface. Hence， liquid-like dynamic interface materials have shown broad application prospects. Studies on liquid-like surface range from traditional hydrophobic and oleophobic applications to industrial scenarios such as microscopically lossless liquid transport， condensation heat transfer， anti-scaling， anti-icing and high-performance membrane separation. This paper reviews the recent research progress with emphasis on the emerging applications of liquid-like dynamic interface materials， and their prospects are given.