With the increasing demand for green and efficient energy storage devices， advanced technologies for clean energy conversion have attracted close attention from researchers. Fuel cells with environmental friendliness and high energy conversion efficiency are promising alternatives to traditional energy sources. However， Pt catalysts with high commercialization degrees in the industrial catalysis field have some problems， such as high cost， poor stability and weak anti-toxicity ability， which limits the further development of fuel cells. The development of non-Pt oxygen reduction reaction （ORR） catalysts with abundant reserves， low cost and excellent performance is an effective way to improve the efficiency of fuel cells. In this paper， based on the research results at home and abroad in recent years， various types of non-Pt system ORR catalysts， including non-precious metal and non-metal catalysts， are systematically introduced. The advantages， disadvantages and modification strategies of various catalysts are summarized， and challenges and prospects for the development of ORR electrocatalysts are put forward.

Compared with single lithium or sodium， lithium-sodium alloy has better performance. In-situ electrochemical preparation of lithium sodium alloy is successfully achieved in button battery which is charged and discharged under gradient current density by using sodium metal as the positive electrode， lithium metal as the negative electrode， and LiPF₆， NaClO₄ or lithium sodium mixed ion electrolyte as the electrolyte. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of lithium and sodium double electrochemically active ions， the lithium-sodium mixed ion capacitors with different lithium contents as negative electrodes show good electrochemical performance. In particular， with lithium sodium alloy with high lithium content as the negative electrode and NaClO₄ electrolyte added， Carbon derived from sodium citrate （Sodium citrate derived carbon， SCDC-activated） maintains the high specific capacity of 238 mA·h/g and the capacity retention rate of 99% at the current density of 1 A/g for 300 cycles. With the addition of lithium-sodium mixed ion electrolyte， SCDC-activated exhibits the specific capacity of 319 mA·h/g， and it can retain 93 mA·h/g and 98% capacity retention rate after 1040 cycles.

Transition metal phosphate has attracted the attention of researchers in the field of electrolytic water because of its advantages of safety， cleanliness， low cost and high efficiency. Phosphate groups in phosphate have unique atomic geometric structure， strong coordination and various orientations， which are beneficial to stabilize the middle valence state of transition metals and accelerate proton conduction rate. However， its poor conductivity and low porosity have prompted researchers to explore and design more efficient transition metal phosphate electrocatalysts. Although researchers have invested a lot of time and energy， there are still many problems to be solved in the efficient development and utilization of transition metal phosphate electrocatalysts. In this paper， combined with the latest research progress of transition metal phosphate electrocatalysts， the development and design strategies of phosphate by researchers in recent years are introduced from the aspects of morphology control， defect engineering and interface engineering. At the same time， the opportunities and challenges faced by this kind of catalyst in the future material field are discussed from the aspects of scientific research and practical application.

Portulaca oleracea L. （PO） contains various active chemicals. PO is a medicine and food homologous to traditional Chinese medicine， which has high medicinal and edible value. In recent years， it has been widely used in the field of the chemical industry， especially in the field of cosmetics. Cosmetic companies have developed facial masks， essence， skin care water， cleanser and other cosmetic products that have been added the active ingredient extracted from PO. However， the related commercial cosmetics of PO mainly contain the ethanol extracts， while there are few cosmetic products involving its aqueous extracts， such as polysaccharide and polyphenol. The emergence of new dosage forms has enriched the research on the percutaneous delivery system of PO in cosmetics， and new carriers such as liposomes， delivery bodies， and β-cyclodextrins can be developed in the future. The chemical composition， function， mechanism， and application of Portulaca oleracea in cosmetics are summarized， and some suggestions and prospects are put forward on the development and application of Portulaca oleracea in cosmetics.

Urea as an effective hydrogen carrier can be used in urea electrolysis （UE） for hydrogen production and direct urea fuel cells （DUFC）. In urea electrolysis， the coupling of urea oxidation reaction （UOR） at the anode and hydrogen evolution reaction （HER） at the cathode to produce hydrogen is more cost-effective than water electrolysis， with energy consumption reduced by about 30% and economic cost reduced by about 36%. In the direct urea fuel cells， urea as fuel at the anode and coupled with oxygen reduction at the cathode can convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy. As the basis of these two energy conversion technologies， UOR has received more and more attention. This review discusses the reaction principle and performance description parameters of UOR in alkaline electrolytes and introduces the application of UOR in UE and DUFC. Attention is also given to the principles of UE and DUFC and the development status of some catalysts， and finally， the challenges faced in the development of UE and DUFC are also commented. Hopefully， this review will be helpful for understanding the basics of UE and DUFC.

In the application process of commercial lithium-ion battery electrolyte， the electrolyte， lithium salt lithium hexafluorophosphate （LiPF₆）， is prone to hydrolysis in presence of trace water， which can lead to the comprehensive electrochemical performance damage of the battery system. Therefore， it is urgent to control the introduction of trace water in the electrolyte body and measures to reduce the influence of lithium salt and trace water reaction products on the battery system. This article mainly summarizes the characteristics of additives containing different function groups in removing trace amounts of water and acid from electrolytes， and analyzes the function of acid-removing and water-removing. Finally， future research directions as well as application prospects of acid-removing and water-removing additives are prospected.

Among many hydrogen production technologies， electrolysis of water has many obvious advantages， such as environmentally friendly， simple and easy to operate. Industrial-scale hydrogen production is typically carried out at high current density. A great number of H₂ bubbles will generate on the electrode surface during the process of hydrogen production. The aggregation and adhesion of bubbles on the electrode surface will lead to a large number of active sites being covered， resulting in the reduction of the efficiency. Therefore， regulating bubble wetting behavior is crucial for industrial electrolysis of water. In recent years， superaerophobic materials have attracted much attention due to their unique wetting capabilities. Superwetting interface materials can be constructed by controlling the chemical composition of the electrode surface and constructing rough structure at micro and nano scales. This type of material has a superhydrophilic/superaerophobic interface structure， which facilitates the effective infiltration of aqueous electrolyte and accelerates the release of in-situ generated bubbles， thus enhancing the water splitting performance of the catalyst. This paper systematically introduces the water splitting catalysts with superhydrophilic/superaerophobic interfacial structures reported in recent years， outlines the synthetic design strategies and catalytic performance of the catalysts， and the current research status， challenges and application prospects of superwetting water splitting catalysts are summarized and prospected.

As a substitute for inorganic glass， organic optical resin has the advantages of light mass， good impact resistance， easy processing， and strong adjustability. The refractive index is one of the main parameters of optical resins. The level of refractive index can directly affect the thickness， aesthetics and comfort of the finished lens. Improving the refractive index of optical resins without reducing the overall performance of optical resins has always been a hot and difficult point in this field. The introduction of sulfur with high molar refractive index into optical resins is considered to be one of the most effective and commonly used methods. In this paper， sulfur-containing optical resins are divided into olefins， epoxys， episulfides， sulfur heterocyclic rings， and polyurethanes. The research progress in recent years at home and abroad is briefly reviewed， involving monomer synthesis， monomer polymerization， and the influences of monomer structures on the comprehensive performances of optical resins. The properties and development of the above materials are also analyzed.

The bimetal oxide （CoFe₂O₄）/MXene composite catalyst is successfully prepared by microwave-assisted hydrothermal method to support the MXene on the CoFe₂O₄ and used for the activation of peroxymonosulfate （PMS）. The structure， morphology and elemental valence states of the composite catalyst are characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）， scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）. It is found that CoFe₂O₄ is successfully loaded on MXene. Taking atrazine （ATZ） as the target pollutant， the effects of catalyst dosage， persulfate concentration， pH and other factors on the degradation of ATZ in the CoFe₂O₄/MXene activated PMS degradation system are studied. The results show that at pH=6.35， the degradation of ATZ reaches 100% within 15 min when the amount of CoFe₂O₄/MXene （0.1 g/L） and PMS （0.37 mmol/L） are low. The quenching experiments show that both free radical and non-free radical pathways exist in the reaction system， in which \mathrm{S} {\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{4}}^{?-} ， {\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}^{?-} and ¹O₂ play a dominant role， which together acts on the degradation process of ATZ. This study has developed novel materials with excellent catalytic properties， which can provide new ideas for the degradation of organic pollutants by activated PMS over heterogeneous CoFe₂O₄/MXene catalysts.

Metal-organic frameworks （MOFs） as a kind of inorganic-organic hybrid materials have potential applications in many fields due to their diverse structures and unique functionalities. In particular， liquid phase epitaxial layered MOFs films （called SURMOFs films， SURMOFs） have attracted much attention due to their controllable thickness， optimal growth orientation and uniform surface. This article summarizes the liquid phase epitaxy （LPE） layers of assembly MOFs thin film technology and methods， such as layer-by-layer （LBL） dipping method， LBL pump method， layer spray method and LBL spin coating method. The article also introduces the classical SURMOF layers of HKUST-1 assembly strategy and its related applications in photoluminescence， photochromic， photocatalytic and electrocatalysis. As one of the classical MOF materials， HKUST-1 has a wide range of applications in photoelectric field， and it has the unique properties： it can be used as a luminous carrier to achieve good optical properties； it has the advantage of unique Cu catalytic active site and can effectively degrade pollutants； it has potential applications in electronic devices because of its dielectric properties. Since SURMOF HKUST-1 has unique properties in many fields， it also faces some challenges： it needs to simplify the process of film synthesis； the structure of thin films and the mechanism of electrocatalysis also need further study； methods for reducing HKUST-1 internal resistance which can increase the conductivity also need to be improved. SURMOFs still has a long way to go for large-scale industrial applications and expansion to other unexplored areas.

In the context of the development of new energy sources to reduce carbon emissions and achieve carbon neutralization， power batteries represented by lithium-ion batteries are given higher expectations. The development of electrode materials with high capacity， high multiplicity and high stability is a key step to achieve this goal. Graphite cathodes and silicon carbon cathodes are relatively mature at present， and maintain their respective advantages. Black phosphorus has two-dimensional layered structure and high lithium potential， which shows outstanding advantages in realizing extremely fast charging， but there are also some problems such as volume expansion. In view of the problems of black phosphorus anode， researchers studied the optimization from various dimensions， including structure optimization， surface interface optimization and the pre-lithiation strategy. In this paper， the possibility that black phosphorus can be used as anode electrode of extremely fast charging lithium ion battery is demonstrated， the optimization progress of black phosphorus negative electrode is then reviewed， and its own views and suggestions are put forward. The challenges and development direction of black phosphorus anode electrode are pointed out， and the development prospect of black phosphorus anode electrode is prospected.

Molybdenum disulfide quantum dots/reduced graphene oxide （MoS₂ QDs/rGO） composites were prepared by a one-pot solvothermal reduction method with sodium molybdate， L-cysteine and graphene oxide as raw materials. The photocatalytic degradation performance of photocatalysts was studied under visible light with rhodamine B （RhB）， methylene blue （MB）， tetracyclines （TC） and Cr（VI） as the target pollutants， respectively. MoS₂ QDs/rGO composites exhibit excellent photocatalytic activity and stability that are superior to molybdenum disulfide quantum dots and reduced graphene oxide. The photodegradation rates of RhB， MB and Cr（VI） are all above 97%， and those of TC are 69%. Moreover， MoS₂ QDs/rGO composites possess high photocatalytic stability and reusability and could be reused for ten times without significant decrease of photocatalytic activity. The photodegradation rates of the two dyes are both maintained over 90%. The photodegradation mechanism of MoS₂ QDs/rGO composites is studied by adding radical scavengers of isopropanol， p-benzoquinone and EDTA-2Na， respectively. It is found that superoxide radical （·O {}_{\mathrm{2}}^{-} ） is the main active species of MoS₂ QDs/rGO.

Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks?8 （ZIF?8） is a kind of porous material with large specific surface area and strong stability， which is widely used in gas storage， separation， catalysis and other fields. In this work， the effect of different reaction conditions， such as the molar ratio of Zn²⁺ to 2?methylimidazole， the amount of surfactant and the reaction solvents， on the size and morphology of ZIF?8 were reported. Among these conditions， the molar ratio of Zn²⁺ to 2?methylimidazole is the key factor affecting the size and morphology of ZIF?8. The synthesized ZIF?8 nanoparticles were characterized by SEM， BET and XRD. The size of ZIF?8 decreases gradually from 1500 nm to 850 nm then to 250 nm， and the morphology changes from truncated hexahedron to truncated dodecahedron and finally to dodecahedron. The specific surface area of ZIF?8 nanoparticles with a particle size of 250 nm is 1730 m²/g， and the pore size and pore volume are 1.5 nm and 0.6 cm³/g， respectively. Therefore， it can be seen that ZIF?8 nanoparticles with a particle size of 250 nm have excellent carrier characteristics. The impregnation method was further adopted to synthesize the supported catalyst， and boron ammonia was used as the reducing agent. The ZIF?8 （250 nm）nanoparticles were loaded with metals/precious metal nanoparticles in situ， the component optimization and catalytic performance were further studied. The obtained catalyst ZIF?8/Pt_0.002@Ni_0.2 shows excellent performance in hydrogen generation from aminoborane.

Silicon （Si） has become the most promising anode material for the next generation lithium-ion battery because of its ultra-high theoretical specific capacity. However， the intercalation and removal of lithium-ions will cause a great change in the volume of silicon microparticles（SiMP）， which will lead to the pulverization of SiMP and irreversible attenuation of electrode capacity， which seriously limits the wide application of silicon-based materials. A large number of reports in the past have shown that polymer binder can effectively overcome the “island effect” caused by the volume expansion of SiMP. It could maintain the integrity of the electrode in the charge-discharge process， and then improve the electrochemical performance of the electrode. According to the structure classification of polymer binders， they can be roughly divided into four categories， linear， branched， cross-linked and conjugated. When the binders with different molecular structures are used as silicon-based negative electrode， the electrodes show different electrochemical properties. Particularly， when polymer binders with multiple molecular structures are designed， the practical application of silicon-based negative electrodes will be greatly promoted. By analyzing the effects of various polymer binders on the electrochemical properties of silicon anode， the differences of binders with different molecular structures can be clearly obtained， and then provide ideas for the development of silicon anode polymer binder in the future. Finally， this paper proposes the design direction of the next-generation polymer binder to promote its development towards large-scale application and industrial production.

Lonicera caerulea is a kind of natural wild edible berry with physiological activities such as scavenging free radicals， inhibiting phosphorylation of proteins related to inflammatory pathways and inhibiting proliferation of cancer cells. Its anti-oxidation， regulation of blood lipids， anti-tumor， anti-radiation and other health benefits can be applied to regulate intestinal flora structure， anti-cancer， anti-obesity， protect eyesight and other functional food fields. Besides， Lonicera caerulea has strong cold resistance capability and is easy to grow， which has a high market development value. This article summarizes the chemical information of active chemical components （procyanidins， anthocyanins， anthocyanins， flavonoids， organic acids， polysaccharide and other compounds） in Lonicera caerulea and sums up the extraction and separation methods of different types of chemical components （solvent extraction， enzymatic hydrolysis， microwave assisted extraction method， etc.）， which aims at providing the basis for the further research and development and deep processing products develop of Lonicera caerulea.

As an emerging material， multifunctional metal-organic framework MIL-88A（Fe） poses a potential application in water treatment. Considering the unique physical and chemical properties of MIL-88A（Fe） （i.e. porous structure， unsaturated metal sites and excellent visible light absorption ability）， MIL-88A（Fe） can heterogeneously combine with other functional materials （i.e. carbon materials， inorganic semiconductor materials） to improve its adsorption and catalytic performance. This paper reviews the application of MIL-88A（Fe） and its composites as adsorbents and catalysts in water treatment. The mechanism of adsorption removal of pollutants in water by MIL-88A（Fe） and its composites （especially heavy metal ions） is summarized， and the reaction mechanism for degradation of organic pollutants in water by MIL-88A（Fe） and its composites in photocatalytic technology， Fenton-like technology， peroxydisulfate advanced oxidation technology and ozone-catalytic technology is introduced. It is pointed out that the MIL-88A（Fe）-based functional materials have problems such as narrow applicable pH range and difficulty in recycling in the process of wastewater treatment. Future research needs to optimize the preparation condition of MIL-88A（Fe） to improve the yield and ensure the regular morphology， small size and high crystallinity of MIL-88A（Fe）， improve the stability of MIL-88A（Fe） by surface coating technology， and enhance the recycling performance of MIL-88A（Fe） by endowing its magnetic property. In addition， according to the structure of the target organic pollutants and water quality condition， it is necessary to reasonably adjust the degradation contribution of the free radical pathway and the non-radical pathway to the target pollutant in the MIL-88A（Fe）-based advanced oxidation process， thus achieving the best decontamination effect.

Heavy metals are difficult to biodegrade and pose a serious threat to the environment and human life and health. Hence， the detection and treatment of heavy metal pollution is vital. In recent years， electrochemical methods for the detection of heavy metal ions have become a research hotspot in the field of heavy metal detection because of their high sensitivity， fast analysis speed and the ability to detect multiple metal ions simultaneously. This paper reviews the detection principles and development status of common electrochemical detection methods， and describes the detection effects of potentiometric analysis， potentiometric stripping analysis and voltammetry by introducing the parameters of linear range， detection limit and recovery. Finally， the review outlines the advantages and disadvantages of various methods， and points out the future research directions in order to provide a basis for the application of electrochemical sensors.

In recent years， some halogen-based flame retardants have been gradually eliminated out for consideration of the environment， and phosphorus-containing flame retardants have received extensive attention as substitutes for halogen-based flame retardants. However， efficient phosphorus-based flame retardants usually produce more smoke while improving flame retardancy， therefore， they need to be used in combination with synergists. This paper introduced the flame-retardant mechanism of phosphorus-containing flame retardants in epoxy resin. The latest research progress of synergists， including inorganic， organic， and organic-inorganic hybrid synergistic agents， with phosphorus-based flame retardants in epoxy resin was summarized. We look forward to the future development trend of the synergistic system of phosphorus-containing flame retardants in epoxy resin.

Hydrogen （H₂）， a renewable green energy source， has been widely focused on tackling environmental issues and fossil energy shortages. The development of low-cost， highly efficient and stable electrocatalysts towards hydrogen evolution reaction （HER） is one of the major challenges facing the large-scale utilization of hydrogen. Cobalt phosphide （CoP） has been widely studied in the field of electrocatalytic HER due to its metal-like properties and corrosion resistance in acid and alkali electrolytes. This review firstly elaborates the major advantages and challenges for CoP heterojunction as electrocatalyst for HER. Next， the different effects of the CoP heterojunction on HER are discussed. Finally， the prospects of CoP heterojunction for HER electrocatalysis are summarized and prospected.

Deep learning has gone through breakthroughs in many research fields including computer vision， natural language processing， etc. due to multiple driving factors such as knowledge， data， algorithms and computing power. In addition， it has gradually spawned a number of new research directions with the migration and application as well as cross-integration among various disciplines. Cheminformatics is a discipline that solves chemical problems with the applied informatics methods， and deep learning can be useful since it is very powerful in nonlinear learning. Deep learning model can be used to screen and predict in the data set， and then verify the feasibility of the results based on theoretical calculation. Finally， the results are represented by experiments， which shortens the experimental period， reduces the labor cost and accelerates the intelligence of cheminformatics. This paper briefly introduces the development history and main network model architecture of deep learning as well as the latest research and application status of deep learning in synthesis planning， compound structure-activity relation and catalyst design in recent years， and also discusses and expects the future development direction.

Sophorolipids （SLs） are a kind of biosurfactants with the highest potential for industrial application， and the degree of acetylation in their sugar chains has an important influence on their surface interface activity，and physicochemical properties. By homologous recombination， the research group constructed the acetyltransferase gene-deficient strain， and nonacetylated SLs was prepared by fermentation with oleic acid and glucose as biphasic carbon sources. In this paper， the structure of nonacetylated SLs was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （HPLC-MS/MS）， and the physicochemical properties of acetylated SLs produced by wild strains were compared. The results showed that the hydrophobic groups of nonacetylated SLs produced by nonacetylated strains were mainly octadecenoic acid， and the hydrophilic groups were mainly nonacetylated sophoricoside， in which the contents of lipoid， acidic and bola-type SLs were 26.99%， 49.98% and 23.03% respectively. The sophorolipids produced by wild strains are mainly acetylated sophorolipids， and the mass fractions of lactone and acid types are 97.86% and 2.14% respectively. Its hydrophobic group is mainly octadecenoic acid. The solubility of nonacetylated SLs in water is as high as 485.8 g/L， which is 14 times higher than acetylated SLs， and it has better foaming performance and foam stability. At the same time， the emulsifying performance of nonacetylated SLs is 26.7 times higher than acetylated SLs. Due to the increase of hydrophilicity of the missing acetyl group， the surface activity of deacetylation SLs decreased， and the surface tension of aqueous solution was reduced to 41.0 mN/m， which was higher than that of acetylated sophorolipid （36.2 mN/m）. The hydrophilic and lipophilic balance value is 13， which is higher than that of acetylation SLs （11）. Two kinds of sophorolipid have good hard water resistance， but weak acid and alkali resistance.

MXenes is a hydrophilic two-dimensional inorganic materialand has a wide range of dispersion properties and application characteristics through the regulation of its morphology and surface end-group. The etching method and dispersibility in organic solvents are studied. It is found that Al as the “A” layer of the MAX phase is more likely to be etched to form Ti₃C₂T _x . Multilayer Ti₃C₂T _x can be obtainedby HF etching. Etching of MAX by in situ generated HF from HCl+LiFis more likely to obtain single layer Ti₃C₂T _x solution. DMF and other organic solvents as dispersants can change Ti₃C₂T _x from hydrophilic to hydrophobic， and Ti₃C₂T _x can effectively dispersed in lubricating oil as the dispersant aid. Ti₃C₂T _x modified with dodecyl phosphate shows a better hydrophobicity with the water contact angle of higher than 90（°）， which can be used to prepare higher concentration Ti₃C₂T _x -lubricating oil dispersion. This research provides a broad idea and a solid foundation for the application of MXenes in organic dispersion and lubricant additives.

Lignin is one of the most abundant and significant natural polymeric materials in the world， and its position is only second to cellulose. In woody plants， lignin content accounts for about 25%. Due to its chemical inertness and structural complexity， the application of lignin is very limited. Therefore， the chemical modification of lignin is the key method to transform lignin into functional materials， which is of great significance for the sustainable development of resources and environment. In this review， the research progress on the development of chemical modification of lignin and its applications， including wastewater treatment， heterogeneous catalysis and other aspects， are summarized. Furthermore， discussions on challenges and perspectives in the field of lignin modification are also presented.

1，3-Propanediol is an important chemical material， and the production of 1，3-propanediol by biological fermentation often produces 2，3-butanediol， which limits the further industrial application of bio-based 1，3-propanediol. 1，3-Propanediol and 2，3-butanediol have strong hydrophilicity， which makes it difficult to separate in low-concentration fermentation broth. ZIF-71 containing group —Cl （hydrophobicity and large polarizability） is selected to adsorb and separate 2，3-butanediol/1，3-propanediol from dilute aqueous solutions since 2，3-butanediol has a longer carbon chain and larger polarizability than 1，3-propanediol. The results show that the binary competitive adsorption capacity of ZIF-71 for 2，3-butanediol is 123.6 mg/g， the binary competitive separation selectivity for 2，3-butanediol/1，3-propanediol is up 7.6 and is better than Beta. In the three-cycle adsorption and desorption experiments， ZIF-71 still maintains a stable structure and selective adsorption for 2，3-butanediol. We reveal the separation mechanism of ZIF-71 for 1，3-propanediol and 2，3-butanediol through molecular simulation. The interaction between ZIF-71 and 1，3-propanediol is mainly through weak van der Waals force； while the interaction between ZIF-71 and 2，3-butanediol is through the synergistic effect of strong van der Waals force and weak hydrogen bonding， which causes the selective adsorption of 2，3-butanediol by ZIF-71. Therefore， ZIFs materials are expected to be candidate adsorbents for the selective adsorption and separation of by-product 2，3-butanediol from dilute aqueous solutions， which promotes the industrialization of biological production of 1，3-propanediol.

The molecular-mass and its distribution of poly（p-phenylene terephthamide） （PPTA） directly affect the spinning performance of aramid fiber. The hydrogen bonds between PPTA backbones make PPTA insoluble in common organic solvents such as chloroform， which cannot meet the test requirements of proton magnetic resonance， mass spectroscopy， and gel permeation chromatography （GPC）. The soluble n-alkylated PPTAs are obtained by grafting a series of alkyl chains with different lengths and degrees of supersede on the N-position of PPTA backbones. The influence of alkyl lengths and alkylation conditions on relative molecular-mass and its distribution are further studied. Ethyl alkylated PPTA with the highest substitution degree of 98.6% enables to provide the lowest polydispersion coefficient and the more accurate molecular-mass distribution. The relationship between the average relative molecular-mass and the intrinsic viscosity in a specific viscosity range is obtained according to the Makhovink equation ［η］=9.96×10^-3 M_{\mathrm{w}}^{\mathrm{1.08}} . These results could be utilized for optimizing PPTA synthesis and improving the performance of aramid fiber.

As the third generation of new concept solar cells， perovskite solar cells have the advantages of high photoelectric conversion efficiency， low-cost and flexible processing. They have been developed rapidly in recent years. Their photoelectric conversion efficiency has increased from 3.8% at the beginning to 25.5% in the near future. They are gradually comparable to silicon cells and have been close to the level of commercial application. At present， the key link to realize the industrial application of perovskite solar cells is battery packaging. It can not only solve the stability problem of perovskite photovoltaic devices， but also meet the requirements of battery safety， environmental protection and prolonging service life. Combined with the development status of perovskite photovoltaic cell packaging materials and packaging technology in recent ten years， this paper introduces the achievements and shortcomings in the field of perovskite cell packaging， and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the existing packaging technologies， as well as their applicable different device types. Under different temperature and humidity conditions， the effects of different packaging material properties and packaging process conditions on the efficiency and stability of perovskite battery are compared， and three key factors affecting the packaging effect of perovskite battery thin film are summarized： elastic modulus of polymer， water vapor transmittance and processing temperature. The suitable processing temperature， advantages and disadvantages and processing cost of different polymer film packaging materials are compared. It can be seen that with the strong growth of industrial demand for perovskite photovoltaic cells and the deepening of people's research on their packaging materials， it will be an inevitable trend to study new functional polymer packaging materials suitable for large-scale production and photovoltaic building integration.

Memristor is a basic component of circuit that associates charge with magnetic flux. It is the same as resistance in dimension， which shows nonlinear resistance switching behavior with voltage and current. As a new type of nonvolatile memory devices， memristor has the advantages of simple structure， high storage density， and simulation of biological synapses. Because of its unique ：“memory characteristics”， memristor has been widely studied in the fields of resistive memory devices， neural network， nonlinear computing circuit design and so on. Rare earth oxide-based memristors have been widely researched owing to the stable performance and multiple application prospects. However， there is no comprehensive summary of rare earth oxide-based materials， especially heavy rare earth elements. Therefore， this paper discusses the structure， composition， and resistive switching mechanism of the memristor. Secondly， it systematically reviews the key work of the application of each rare earth element oxide and rare earth doped oxide memristor in resistive memory， artificial neural network， and other aspects， from Y element to Lu element. The performances of rare earth based memristor with different device structures are summarized. Finally， the challenges of the rare earth based memristor are analyzed， the current feasible methods are briefly described， the advantages and disadvantages of rare earth based oxide memristor are summarized， and the development trend and application potential are forecasted.

Electrochemical biosensors have made rapid development in the field of wearable healthcare monitoring and have great potential applications in clinical detection due to high sensitivity， good portability， fast response and easy integration. However， non-specific adsorption of non-target biological substances on the electrode surface （i.e.， biofouling） when exposed to the actual clinical biological sample affects the performance of electrochemical biosensors. Therefore， the construction of a sensing interface with antifouling capability （antifouling interface） to prevent non-target substances from adsorbing to the electrode surface is of great importance for expanding the practical application range of electrochemical sensors and realizing detection in complex biological samples. In this review， antifouling electrode interfaces based on physical， chemical， or biological strategies and their application in clinical biomarker detection are summarized， which provides technical references for the improvement of electrochemical biosensors in practical application. Finally， we discuss the principle， current problems and positive prospects of antifouling strategies in complex sample matrix.

Electrochemical synthesis of hydrogen peroxide （H₂O₂） via two-electron oxygen reduction reaction （2e-ORR） is featured with cost effectiveness and environmental friendliness， and enables on-site production of H₂O₂ on demand. One of the key technologies is the development of safe， economical and efficient 2e-ORR catalysts. Here， the research progress in precious-metal-based catalytic materials for the synthesis of H₂O₂via 2e-ORR in recent ten years is reviewed. This review starts with the fundamental mechanism of ORR， pointing out the tuning knobs of reaction pathway on precious-metal surfaces， namely， ^*OOH binding energy and O₂ adsorption mode. The regulating methodologies of geometric structure and electronic structure of precious-metal materials are summarized and exemplified， emphasizing the importance of balanced optimization of catalytic activity and selectivity. We have also briefly introduced the lab-scale methods for performance evaluation of 2e-ORR catalysts. Finally， the challenges and prospects of H₂O₂ synthesis catalyzed by precious metals are discussed， especially the catalyst stability and the objective evaluation of cost. This review is expected to provide a reference for rational design of novel 2e-ORR catalysts.

With the technological development and progresses of the semiconductor industry， chip manufacturing is stepping forward to the advanced technology nodes under the impetus of Moore's Law. Meanwhile， the corresponding advanced materials for lithography are highly desired to satisfy the rapid development of advanced lithographic patterning. This review focuses on the composition and performances of materials for lithography. The photoresist from ultraviolet， deep ultraviolet， and extreme ultraviolet light as well as semiconducting photoresist and materials for directed self-assembly （DSA） are systematically summarized. Subsequently， the current market development and requirement of materials for lithography are critically examined. Finally， after a brief summary， an outlook for the prospective studies on advanced materials for lithography and the corresponding solutions to improve the domestic market occupancy is provided.

Photocatalysis has shown a great potential as a low-cost， environmentally friendly and sustainable treatment technology. However， limitations in incident light utilization and charge separation are major drawbacks that restrict the activity of current semiconductors. Coinage metal nanoclusters have been increasingly explored recently as photocatalytic material due to ultra-small size （<2 nm）， separated energy level and tunable electronic structures. Meanwhile， it is an ideal model for exploring the photocatalytic mechanism at the atomic level because of its atomically precise structure. This review provides an overview of photocatalytic reactions based on coinage metal nanoclusters， including water splitting for hydrogen production， organic pollutant degradation， and aerobic oxidation of amines to imines. By discussing strategies to tailor the photocatalytic properties of coinage metal nanoclusters， the development potential of coinage metal nanocluster photocatalysts are prospected.

Raman spectroscopy is a non-destructive analytical technique that provides detailed information on the chemical structure and molecular interactions of a sample. Insitu spectroelectrochemistry combined by spectroscopy and conventional electrochemical methods is a powerful technique for dynamically detecting the structure and phase composition of electrode materials. It has broad application prospects in energy storage and provides information on the micro-structure at the electrode interface. Raman spectroscopy can effectively characterize the change of various cathodic materials and complex ions in aluminum chloride-based electrolytes of rechargeable aluminum-ion batteries （AIBs） during the charging and discharging processes in situ. Combined with characterization techniques， such as XRD and XPS， Raman spectroscopy can effectively reveal the energy storage mechanism of rechargeable aluminum-ion batteries， including the study of electrolytes and electrode materials and insitu monitoring of electrode surface reactions. The study of the nature of electrode materials and interface structures can guide the optimal design of battery materials and microstructures， and the in-situ exploring of electrode surface reactions can help to conduct an in-depth study of the mechanism of electrode interface reactions for guiding the structural optimization of cathode materials and promoting the development of rechargeable aluminum-ion batteries.

AB₂ hydrogen storage alloy has attracted extensive research interest due to its advantages of high theoretical hydrogen storage capacity， long cycle life and high cost performance. However， AB₂ hydrogen storage alloy has some disadvantages such as activation difficulty， toxicity and high platform， which hinders its practical application. In recent years， aiming at the defects of AB₂ alloy， researchers have carried out a lot of modification studies and made great progress. This paper summarizes the research progress of AB₂-type hydrogen storage alloys in the past 30 years， focuses on the methods to improve its hydrogen storage performance， and puts forward the key research directions of AB₂-type alloys in the future.

Metal-organic frameworks （MOFs） material， as a new multifunctional material， has attracted more and more attention in the field of water treatment of catalytic activation in advanced oxidation technology， due to its high surface area， adjustable pore structure， excellent thermal and chemical stability. This paper focuses on the research progress of activating persulfate by MOFs-based catalyst in the field of water treatment in recent five years. In this paper， various MOFs-based catalyst and their common synthesis methods in persulfate activation are introduced. Then， the oxidation mechanisms of MOFs-based catalyst during the activation of persulfate are summarized； the common modification methods of MOFs-based catalyst are introduced. Finally， some suggestions for the future research direction of activated persulfate by MOFs-based catalyst are put forward. This review will help to deepen the understanding of MOFs-based catalyst activating persulfate to degrade organic pollutants， and provide theoretical reference for the development of new heterogeneous MOFs-based catalysts based on PS activation.

Layered transition metal oxide cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries have the characteristics of low price and high specific capacity， which is an important support for energy transition in the future and has great development potential. In the process of charging and discharging， the typical layered oxide cathode materials with the most promising development and application will produce a series of changes affecting their electrochemical properties with the insertion and extration of sodium-ion. Therefore， the modification of cathode materials is particularly important. The current mainstream failure mechanism， modification methods， challenges and key problems to be solved in the future development are summarized and put forward.

Rice starch particles have small and uniform particle size， good dispersibility in water and film-forming property， and can be degraded in nature. At present， starch is widely used in food packaging， medical dressings and cosmetics industries. Using rice starch as raw material， sodium hydroxide as paste， glycerol as plasticizer and citric acid as crosslinking agent and solution pH regulator， starch film was prepared by tape casting. By measuring the morphology of starch particles， the gelatinization conditions of starch particles， gelatinization temperature， apparent viscosity and pH value of starch solution， mechanical properties， light transmittance and potassium glycyrrhizinate release performance of starch film tostudy the gelatinization conditions of rice starch， the effects of mass fractions of citric acid， starch and glycerol on the properties of starch film and the release of carrier substances. The results show that the rice starch used in this paperexists in the state of dispersed particles， and the gelatinization temperature ranges from 82.5 to 100.8 ℃.Citric acid interacts with starch molecules in the process of starch film formation， and can adjust the pH value of the solution to adapt to human skin. When the concentration of starch in the starch film becomes higher， the hardness after film formation is greater. The higher the concentration of glycerol， the better the elongation at break of starch film and the worse the tensile strength. In addition， the transmittance of starch film is the best when the concentration is 3.0%， which with good light transmittance has low crystallinity. Finally， the starch film prepared in this paper can contain the effective substance dipotassium glycyrrhizinate， which can be used as a skin repair film in cosmetics.

Lead， as a heavy metal， is widely used in industrial production， which has a significant impact on the environment and human health. The development of lead ion detection strategies is necessary in recent research areas. Compared with traditional detection methods， the fluorescence method has the advantages of high sensitivity and good selectivity. Therefore， the fluorescence method is often used for qualitative or quantitative analysis of heavy metal ions in actual samples such as water bodies. This review summarizes the research progress on fluorescence detection of lead ions， including fluorescent dyes， fluorescent nanomaterials and fluorescent biomaterials even fluorescent proteins. In addition， an outlook of future development trends and challenges of fluorescence detection is also prospected.

Zinc-air batteries （ZABs） are regarded as one of the most promising candidates for a new generation of advanced energy conversion and storage devices， while the inferior activity and stability of air cathode electrocatalysts largely hinder the widespread application of ZABs. The extensive efforts for exploring and designing high active yet stable air cathode catalysts is， therefore， indispensable for the improvement of ZABs performance. Recently， carbon-encapsulated iron-based nanoparticles have been reported to exhibit excellent oxygen catalytic performance on account of their resistance to corrosion， oxidation， and aggregation under harsh conditions， and have been widely used as cathode materials for ZABs. As a result， we systematically summarize the applications of carbon-encapsulated transition metal iron-based materials as cathode catalysts for ZABs. In this review， the basic principle of ZABs and challenges faced by air cathode catalysts are firstly expounded. Then， the research progress of the carbon-encapsulated iron-based nanoparticles electrocatalysts （such as iron-based and its alloy， carbide， oxide and phosphide， et al.） are emphatically discussed and analyzed. Finally， the future development perspectives of carbon-encapsulated iron-based electrocatalysts in the applications of ZABs are put forward.

The purity， microstructure and uniformity of ceramic powders will affect the final performance of ceramic products. Therefore， achieving the controlled synthesis of SiC powders is the current research focus of silicon carbide preparation. Herein， SiC is used as the main material to summarize its main preparation methods. Under the normal pressure sintering system， the specific effects of temperature， raw materials， catalysts， gas supersaturation and other factors on SiC products are discussed based on the growth mechanism of Vapor-Liquid-Solid （VLS） mechanism and the Vapor-Solid （VS） mechanism. The controllable synthesis of SiC ceramic powder has important theoretical value and guiding significance for the large-scale production， application and subsequent preparation of ceramic products.

In recent years， due to the development of nuclear power and other industries， the pollution of heavy metals and radionuclides in water cannot be ignored， and the demand for clean water has become an important issue of global concern. Molybdenum disulfide （MoS₂） nanomaterials have attracted much attention in the fields of sterilization， hydrogen storage， water purification， etc. Membrane technology has become one of the options for the removal of heavy metals and radionuclides from water based on the advantages of simple operation and high efficiency. In this paper， the research progress of MoS₂-based nanomaterials and membranes in removing heavy metals and radionuclides from water is summarized， focusing on MoS₂ synthesis and modification methods， the main affect factors and mechanisms of heavy metals and radionuclides removal by MoS₂， the preparation of MoS₂-modified membranes， and the research progress on removing heavy metals and radionuclides from water by membrane technology， which aims at efficiently removing heavy metals and radionuclides.