We present a brief review of recent progress in materials chemistry based on graphene, including the preparation and surface modification of graphene and graphene-based composites. The composites consisted of graphene and polymers, inorganic particles and other carbonaceous materials are described principally. In addition, the prospective applications of these graphenebased materials have also been briefly introduced.

Sevoflurane was synthesized from 1,1,13,3,3-hexafluoro-2-(chloromethoxy)-propane by halogen-exchange in the presence of an ionic liquid as the solvent and a fluorinating agent . Mechanism of the phase transfer catalysis was discussed. The effects of [bpy]BF4, [bmim]BF4, [bepy]BF4 and [bmim]PF6 on the yield were investigated. The ionic liquidwater system and high surface area could not only induce KF to enter into the ionic liquid to produce high active F- but also reduce the formation of byproducts. The yield was 94.6％. The ionic liquid could be reused for three times without noticeable loss of activity.

Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs) are a new class of hybrid porous crystalline materials constructed from metal-oxygen clusters with organic linkers, creating three dimensional ordered frameworks. As porous materials, MOFs usually possess very high surface area. The framework topologies and pore size of MOFs can be designed via choosing various metal centers and organic linkers, their chemical properties can be modified by chemical functionalization of linkers and post modification. These unique characteristics make MOFs one of the research hot spots in the fields of chemistry and materials, and they have shown potential applications in various research areas. But there is a crucial weakness which hinders the development of MOFs, namely, the low stability. However, zirconium-terephthalate-based MOF UiO-66 has remarkable hydrothermal stability, the framework is claimed to be stable up to 500 ℃, and it is also highly resistant to many solvents. UiO-66 has gained great attention since the outstanding qualities. In this review, details of the synthesis modulation and functionalization of UiO-66 are presented. In addition, the research actuality and prospective of UiO-66 in the fields of adsorption, catalysis, etc. are also discussed.

Catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide(CO₂) to value-added hydrocarbons is of great environmental and social importance, which can not only reduce CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere, but also conform with sustainable development strategy. This paper reviews the progress in catalytic conversion of CO₂ to C₂+ hydrocarbons over Fe-based catalyst. Reaction pathway and mechanism, catalyst preparation and reactor design are emphatically introduced. In addition, the future of hydrocarbons synthesis via CO₂ hydrogenation is also summarized.

Nanozymes are a kind of nanomaterials with enzyme-like activity. Since they were first discovered in 2007, nearly a thousand kinds of nanomaterials with different compositions have been found to have enzyme-like activity. They exhibit similar enzymatic reaction kinetics and catalytic mechanisms to natural enzymes and can be used as a good substitute for natural enzymes. Due to the enzyme-like activity and the advantages of multifunctionality, economy, stability, and easy to scale production, nanozymes have shown good application prospects in the rapid detection of pathogenic microorganisms and the prevention or treatment of infectious diseases. Therefore, nanozymes are regarded as a new type of biosafety material. This article reviews the application of nanozymes in detecting and killing of bacteria and viruses in recent years, and provides a basis for the development of diagnostic and anti-pathogenic microbial treatment strategies based on nanozyme when responding to major biosafety threats and preventing biosafety hazards.

In recent years, photosensitive polyimide (PSPI) has been rapidly developed under the demand of high-tech fields such as advanced packaging technology, microelectromechanical systems, and organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays. The progress of PSPI has attracted widespread attention in terms of basic research, application, and industrialization. Photosensitive polyimide shows an increasingly prominent importance as a practical self-patternable film. This paper reviews the recent research progress in the structural design, photochemical reaction and light-sensitive properties of positive and negative photosensitive polyimides, briefly introduces the application in the field of the integrated circuits, microelectromechanical systems and OLED displays, and finally gives an outlook on the development of photosensitive polyimides in research and applications.

Biosensors have received vigorous development and serious concern in recent years owing to the combinations with nanotechniques, flow-injection and micro-fluidics devices. Affinitive biosensor is a kind of high-tech sensing device based on the specific affinity between biological molecules, and the affinity of bioactive substance and substrate. With the advantages of high specificity, good sensitivity, high speed, low cost, on-line measuring and monitoring in complicated system, affinitive biosensors are widely used in biomedical fields, such as the detection of biomedical markers, nucleic acids, proteins, viruses, bacteria and toxins, the research of medicine actions mechanism, clinical drug screening, and etc. In this paper, the recent advance of affinitive biosensors in biomedical applications are reviewed. We also focus on a growing number of applications and progress in immunosensors and aptamer-based biosensors for tumor biomarker, nucleic acids and proteins. It covers the basic principles and biomedical and clinical applications of immunosensors and aptamerbased biosensors，and indicates the future prospects in this field.

Organic phosphorus-containing flame retardants have good characteristics, such as high efficiency, low toxicity, no pollution and smokeless. To date, research of synthesis and application in this field attracts a lot of attention. This paper reviewed recent developments, current status and potential future trends of organic phosphorus-containing flame retardants. The classification and mechanism of organic phosphorus-containing flame retardants were also introduced. The development and problems in the application were outlined considering the aspects of organic phosphorus-containing fire retardants.

We monitored the imidization process of poly(amic acid) synthesized from pyromellitic dianhidride and 4,4′-oxydianiline, and analyzed the IR bands of the poly(amic acid) and the polyimide after thermal imidization using variable temperature FTIR spectroscopy in transmission mode. We investigated peak assignments of the poly(amic acid) and the polyimide and found —COO- and —NH+2 in the system. The C=O symmetrical and asymmetrical stretching vibrations in —COO- locate at 1607 and 1406 cm-1 respectively, NH+2 stretching vibration locate at 3200, 3133, 2938, 2880, 2820, 2610 cm-1. According to the identified IR absorption peaks of —COO- and —NH+2, we proposed the mechanism of the imidization process of poly(amic acid) that during the imidization H+ from COOH of the poly(amic acid) can move to NH of the poly(amic acid) and form —COO- and NH+2, then the intermediate cyclodehydrates to polyimide at last.

Selective hydrogenation has very important applications in the chemical industry such as synthesis of functional materials and purification of chemical products. In recent years， in order to reduce the impact of the greenhouse effect， the selective hydrogenation of CO₂ into other valuable chemicals has become a research hotspot. Among them， the thermal catalysis is widely used， easy to obtain a variety of target products and high yield of products. At present， the heterogeneous thermal catalytic hydrogenation of CO₂ to produce methane， methanol， light olefins and other high-value fuels and chemicals has made some progresses， but their development is still challenging. The preparation of high-efficiency catalysts is one of the keys. For a long time， researchers have been committed to solving the problem of catalyst activity and selectivity， and modifying the catalysts by doping with additives and adding functional carriers. In response to these problems， this article briefly introduces the background of the catalytic hydrogenation of CO₂ and reviews the catalysts used in the heterogeneous thermal catalytic hydrogenation of CO₂ into methane， methanol and light olefin products in recent five years. It is expected to provide a reference for the development of new catalysts in the heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of CO₂.

A novel conjugated polymer containing azobenzene and 1,3,4-oxadiazole units(LPOXD) was synthesized. The structure of the LPOXD was charactered by FT-IR, UV-Vis, 1H NMR, GPC, TGA and DSC. The results indicate that the intrinsic viscosity of the LPOXD is 0.02960 L/g, and its Mw and molecular mass distribution or polydispersity index(PDI) values are 8500 g/mol and 1.55, respectively. A 5% mass loss of the LPOXD occurred at 290 ℃. The glass-transition temperature(Tg) is 92.8 ℃. The introduction of long side chain of alkoxy significantly improved LPOXD′s solubility in common organic solvents such as chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, and so on. Furthermore, the optical and electrochemical properties of the LPOXD were investigated throughly by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence emission spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The results indicate that the azobenzene in the LPOXD involve a trans-cis photoisomerization under the radiation of 365 nm UV light. A wide fluorescence peak of the LPOXD appeared in the wavelength range of blue and purple light under excitaion at 350 nm. Cyclic voltammetry reveals that the LUMO and HOMO energies of the LPOXD are -5.96 eV and -3.17 eV, respectively.

The methods for synthesizing methanol from methane include indirect method and direct catalytic oxidation method， but the indirect method requires high equipment， and the methane conversion rate and methanol selectivity are not ideal. Direct catalytic oxidation method （DMTM） can produce methanol with high selectivity through a one-step reaction， and has huge application potential. For DMTM， the homogeneous catalytic system usually requires a special reaction medium combined with a precious metal catalyst. Although the reaction efficiency is high， it is corrosive to the reaction equipment， the product is not easy to separate， and the application prospect is poor. Liquid phase-heterogeneous catalysis generally uses H₂O₂ as the oxidant， Au， Pd， Fe， Cu and other metal elements as the main active component of the catalyst， and·OH is the main oxidation active substance， which can be used at low temperature to realize the activation and oxidation of methane. Therefore， heterogeneous catalytic systems are currently the mainstream of research. Gas phase-heterogeneous catalysis mainly uses O₂ and N₂O as oxidants. The former is more active， and the latter is more selective for products. In addition， H₂O in anaerobic systems can also be directly used as oxygen donors， commonly Cu， Fe， Rh， etc. elements are used as catalysts. Zeolite molecular sieves are the most widely used support， and metal oxides， metal organic frameworks （MOFs） and graphene are also involved. Multi-metal synergistic catalysis has achieved good results. This article mainly summarizes the research on the direct catalytic oxidation of thermally catalyzed methane to methanol in recent years， and prospects for future research directions.

DNA origami is a new DNA self-assembly method raised recently, and it is a major innovation in the field of DNA nanotechnology and self-assembly. Compared to the traditional DNA self-assembly, DNA origami uses a long single-stranded genomic DNA with a series of short complementary single-strands DNA, and it can construct more complex and more controllable nanopatterns or structures, with a wide range of potential applications in the emerging field of nanotechnology. In this paper, we briefly introduced the principles of DNA origami, then reviewed the origin and development of DNA origami and its potential applications in the field of DNA chip, nanocomponents and nanomaterials. At the end we discussed the future directions of development.

The critical micelle concentration of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, which is a typical anion surfactant, was respectively determined by surface tension, electrical conductivity, UVVis absorption spectral and synchronous fluorescence spectral methods. Results show that synchronous fluorescence spectral method is characterized by less sample volume, high sensitivity, and high accuracy. The first and the second critical micelle concentrations were determined by the synchronous fluorescence spectral method to be 1.48 and 6.90 mmol/L respectively, which are well consistent with those data from the traditional surface tension and electrical conductivity methods, thus, verifying the reliability of synchronous fluorescence spectrometry to measure the critical micelle concentrations of surfactants.

Photoresist is an indispensable basic material in the integrated circuit field. As the increasingly fierce international competition, photoresist is monopolized by United States, Japan and other countries. The localization of photoresist is imminent. This review focuses on g-line (436 nm) and i-line (365 nm) photoresists that are currently used in the market. According to its composition, it is divided into novolak-diazonaphthoquinone(DNQ) photoresist, chemically amplified photoresist, molecular glass photoresist and other types to be summarized separately. Details of the novolak-DNQ photoresist are reported. The exposure mechanism and the effects of photosensitizers and additives on the performance of photoresist are also described. It is expected to provide information and reference for the development of g-line and i-line photoresists.

Hydrogels have tissue-like mechanical properties and excellent biocompatibility， and are widely recognized as ideal candidate materials for bioelectronics. Inspired by bio-tissues such as skin， nerves， and muscles， etc.， a lot of hydrogels with biomimetic structures and functions have been developed to mimic the capability of creatures to sense external stimuli including temperature， pressure， strain， and electric field， etc. Such biomimetic hydrogels have important applications in electronic skin， artificial muscles， and artificial nerves， etc. This article reviews recent progress of biomimetic flexible hydrogel electronics， including representative hydrogel flexible electronic devices， typical applications， and major challenges in this field. Some open key scientific issue and important directions are outlooked in a brief perspective section at the end.

This paper summarized the progress of supercapacitors electrode materials based on carbon nanotubes and their composites. The capacitor′s characteristics will be effectively improved when carbon nanotubes are modified or the carbon nanotubes composite with other materials. The article focuses on the recent development of the supercapacitor electrode materials using carbon nanotubes with the techniques of modification, activation, and dispersion, as well as nanotubes-transition metal oxide composites, carbon nanotubes-conductive polymer composites, and carbon nanotubes-graphene composites.

The research progress on oxidative bromination reactions of compounds with functional groups including α-carbonyl hydrogen, the ring of arene, alkene double bond, the side chain of arene and alkanes is reviewed. The main oxidation of bromide system is Br^-/H₂O₂ and Br^-/BrO^-3. The different conditions of reaction are discussed in detail. The perspective on this research field is also suggested.

With the increasing demand for green and efficient energy storage devices， advanced technologies for clean energy conversion have attracted close attention from researchers. Fuel cells with environmental friendliness and high energy conversion efficiency are promising alternatives to traditional energy sources. However， Pt catalysts with high commercialization degrees in the industrial catalysis field have some problems， such as high cost， poor stability and weak anti-toxicity ability， which limits the further development of fuel cells. The development of non-Pt oxygen reduction reaction （ORR） catalysts with abundant reserves， low cost and excellent performance is an effective way to improve the efficiency of fuel cells. In this paper， based on the research results at home and abroad in recent years， various types of non-Pt system ORR catalysts， including non-precious metal and non-metal catalysts， are systematically introduced. The advantages， disadvantages and modification strategies of various catalysts are summarized， and challenges and prospects for the development of ORR electrocatalysts are put forward.

The use of ion exchange resins as catalysts in organic synthesis, such as esterification, alkylation, etherification, aldolization, isomerization and epoxidation was reviewed. Compared with inorganic catalysts, the ion exchange resin catalysts show excellent catalytic performance and readily recyclability. This article encompasses the progress made in current research and the application of ion exchange resins as catalyst is also summarized.

The rise of emerging contaminants and microorganisms causes the complexity of drinking water quality and brings a gap between peoples demand and water treatment efficiency using conventional treatment reagents and techniques. Ferrate is an effective and multi-functional green water purification material, which shows both good oxidation and coagulation ability without secondary pollution. This paper reviews the removal mechanism of contaminants including heavy metal ions, emerging contaminants and microorganisms by ferrate. At present, the investigation of ferrates oxidation and coagulation cooperative effect is insufficient and the application of ferrates in water treatment has not been fully developed. Therefore, the oxidation and coagulation cooperative effect of ferrates is emphatically discussed to direct the application of ferrates in water treatment. Finally, the prospect of application of ferrates in water treatment is commented.

Rare earth elements are a series of 17 elements including scandium, yttrium and lanthanide. They not only have physical and chemical similarities in nature, but also have their own unique and diverse electronic structures. From the chemical level, the characteristics of rare earth ions determine the nature of high-tech applications, such as rare earth permanent magnet, magnetic cooling, superconductivity, pyroelectricity, optical refrigeration, nonlinear optics, catalysis, etc. Rare earth functional materials are the basis for the application of these technologies. In terms of the requirements of scientific and technological development, the research and development of rare earth functional materials is the most important way to achieve high-quality development of rare earth resources. In this paper, based on the characteristics of rare earth ions, the orbital hybrid model is used to construct the basic relationship between rare earth ions and rare earth functional materials. The research progress of rare earth ions in composition design and performance optimization of rare earth functional materials in different application fields in recent years is summarized.

Compared with single lithium or sodium， lithium-sodium alloy has better performance. In-situ electrochemical preparation of lithium sodium alloy is successfully achieved in button battery which is charged and discharged under gradient current density by using sodium metal as the positive electrode， lithium metal as the negative electrode， and LiPF₆， NaClO₄ or lithium sodium mixed ion electrolyte as the electrolyte. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of lithium and sodium double electrochemically active ions， the lithium-sodium mixed ion capacitors with different lithium contents as negative electrodes show good electrochemical performance. In particular， with lithium sodium alloy with high lithium content as the negative electrode and NaClO₄ electrolyte added， Carbon derived from sodium citrate （Sodium citrate derived carbon， SCDC-activated） maintains the high specific capacity of 238 mA·h/g and the capacity retention rate of 99% at the current density of 1 A/g for 300 cycles. With the addition of lithium-sodium mixed ion electrolyte， SCDC-activated exhibits the specific capacity of 319 mA·h/g， and it can retain 93 mA·h/g and 98% capacity retention rate after 1040 cycles.

Transition metal phosphate has attracted the attention of researchers in the field of electrolytic water because of its advantages of safety， cleanliness， low cost and high efficiency. Phosphate groups in phosphate have unique atomic geometric structure， strong coordination and various orientations， which are beneficial to stabilize the middle valence state of transition metals and accelerate proton conduction rate. However， its poor conductivity and low porosity have prompted researchers to explore and design more efficient transition metal phosphate electrocatalysts. Although researchers have invested a lot of time and energy， there are still many problems to be solved in the efficient development and utilization of transition metal phosphate electrocatalysts. In this paper， combined with the latest research progress of transition metal phosphate electrocatalysts， the development and design strategies of phosphate by researchers in recent years are introduced from the aspects of morphology control， defect engineering and interface engineering. At the same time， the opportunities and challenges faced by this kind of catalyst in the future material field are discussed from the aspects of scientific research and practical application.

Thermosetting polyimide resins exhibit the best high temperature performance among all matrix resins. Therefore, composites based on thermosetting polyimides have been widely used in modern industry, particularly in the aerospace industry. Herein, the research progress on thermosetting polyimides was reviewed, and some insights were also provided regarding the research trends and outlooks in this field.

In recent years, significant developments in direct formic acid fuel cell(DFAFC) have been made. It was reported that the largest energy density of DFAFC with Pd as anodic catalyst is 0.25 W/cm², which is close to that of proton exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC) with hydrogen as fuel and indicates the excellent development prospects of DFAFC. This review summarized the research development in DFAFC, the mechanism of the oxidation of formic acid, the underlined reason and mechanism of the increase in the performance of Pd based composite catalysts, the main problems of DFAFC and described its development prospects.

The unique two-dimensional spatial structure gives graphene excellent chemical and physical properties and huge specific surface area, which makes graphene a very promising material for energy storage applications and a research hotspot recently. Irreversible agglomeration, smooth surface and inertness result in the dramatic reduction of the available active surface of graphene, which limits its blending with other materials. In recent years, doping graphene with nitrogen reforms its electronic structure and increases surface active sites, promoting its electrochemical performance in the field of energy storage. This paper reviews the current status of nitrogen-doped graphene synthesis and recent progress in the use of nitrogen-doped graphene in chemical energy storage, including supercapacitors, Li-ion batteries, Li-air batteries and Li-S batteries. Finally, key issues related to preparations and applications of nitrogen-doped graphene are briefly discussed as well, and the development prospect of nitrogen-doped graphene is prospected as well.

Lithium-ion batteries are the most widely used energy storage device, and currently, the rapid development of economy has put forward higher requirements on their performances. Electrode microstructure has significant influence on the battery performance, therefore, elaborate microstructure design and controllable preparation thereof is becoming one of the hot topics in this field. In this paper, according to the latest development trend of lithium ion batteries, the basic electrochemical process and the microstructural characterization technology of the lithium ion battery electrode are enumerated. Then the design and optimization of the electrode in recent years are summarized, and the key microstructural features are discussed. Based on an ideal electrode structure, the latest development in controllable electrode preparation technology is reviewed.

With increasing applications of immune assay, the synthesis of artificial antigen with good stability and immunogenic is the key and premise to prepare the antibody and to establish the method for small molecule immune assay. The progress of synthesis and design method of hapten, carrier selection and the couple method of hapten with carrier are reviewed in this paper. In addition, some questions of the synthesis of small molecule artificial antigen were also discussed.

硼氢化钠在有机合成中的研究进展