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Issn: CN 22-1128/O6

CN:ISSN 1000-0518

Director:Chinese Academy of Sciences

Host:Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences

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Research Progress in Catalytic Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to C 2+ Hydrocarbons over Fe-Based Catalysts
DING Fanshu,NIE Xiaowa,LIU Min,SONG Chunshan,GUO Xinwen
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2016, 33 (2): 123-132.   DOI: 10.11944/j.issn.1000-0518.2016.02.150431
Abstract1781)   HTML13)    PDF (744KB)(6606)      

Catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide(CO2) to value-added hydrocarbons is of great environmental and social importance, which can not only reduce CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, but also conform with sustainable development strategy. This paper reviews the progress in catalytic conversion of CO2 to C2+ hydrocarbons over Fe-based catalyst. Reaction pathway and mechanism, catalyst preparation and reactor design are emphatically introduced. In addition, the future of hydrocarbons synthesis via CO2 hydrogenation is also summarized.

Progress Research on Photosensitive Polyimide
GUO Hai-Quan, YANG Zheng-Hua, GAO Lian-Xun
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2021, 38 (9): 1119-1137.   DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.210274
Abstract2885)      PDF (3669KB)(3418)      
In recent years, photosensitive polyimide (PSPI) has been rapidly developed under the demand of high-tech fields such as advanced packaging technology, microelectromechanical systems, and organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays. The progress of PSPI has attracted widespread attention in terms of basic research, application, and industrialization. Photosensitive polyimide shows an increasingly prominent importance as a practical self-patternable film. This paper reviews the recent research progress in the structural design, photochemical reaction and light-sensitive properties of positive and negative photosensitive polyimides, briefly introduces the application in the field of the integrated circuits, microelectromechanical systems and OLED displays, and finally gives an outlook on the development of photosensitive polyimides in research and applications.
Cited: CSCD(1)
Immobilization of Functionalized Ionic Liquid on Silica and Its Application in Hydroxymethylfurfural Synthesis
SHAN Yu-Hua*, DENG Dun-Hui, LIN Fu-Rong, LU Mei-Hong, LI Ming-Shi
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2009, 26 (12): 1428-1434.  
Abstract2728)      PDF (450KB)(3279)      

the sulfonic group functionalized ionic liquid--1-H-3-(3-sulfonic acid)propylimidazolium chloride was immobilized on micro-ball silica-gel using 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane as coupling agent to obtain the silica-gel immobilized ionic liquid(IL3). The IL3 was characterized by SEM, FTIR, TG, 13C-NMR, BET, and titration its surface acidity. Its catalytic performance in the synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from fructose dehydration was investigated. The results indicate that 1-H-3-(3-sulfonic acid)propylimidazolium chloride could be immobilized on micro-ball silica-gel surface, and the IL3 was a good catalyst for the HMF synthesis from fructose dehydration. The yield of HMF is up to 82.1%, using 45.4-IL3 as the catalyst, with ethylene glycol monomethyl ether(EGME) as solvent at 115℃ over 5h. The used IL3 could be reused conveniently. But the yield of HMF dropped gradually with the more times of the IL3 recycled. After the IL3 reused four times, the yield of HMF decreased from 82.1% to 53.0%.

Research Progress on Superhydrophilic/Superaerophobic Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting
Cui-Ying TAN, Wei-Chao DING, Ting-Ting MA, Yao XIAO, Jian LIU
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2023, 40 (8): 1109-1125.   DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.230126
Abstract247)   HTML14)    PDF (4817KB)(842)      

Among many hydrogen production technologies, electrolysis of water has many obvious advantages, such as environmentally friendly, simple and easy to operate. Industrial-scale hydrogen production is typically carried out at high current density. A great number of H2 bubbles will generate on the electrode surface during the process of hydrogen production. The aggregation and adhesion of bubbles on the electrode surface will lead to a large number of active sites being covered, resulting in the reduction of the efficiency. Therefore, regulating bubble wetting behavior is crucial for industrial electrolysis of water. In recent years, superaerophobic materials have attracted much attention due to their unique wetting capabilities. Superwetting interface materials can be constructed by controlling the chemical composition of the electrode surface and constructing rough structure at micro and nano scales. This type of material has a superhydrophilic/superaerophobic interface structure, which facilitates the effective infiltration of aqueous electrolyte and accelerates the release of in-situ generated bubbles, thus enhancing the water splitting performance of the catalyst. This paper systematically introduces the water splitting catalysts with superhydrophilic/superaerophobic interfacial structures reported in recent years, outlines the synthetic design strategies and catalytic performance of the catalysts, and the current research status, challenges and application prospects of superwetting water splitting catalysts are summarized and prospected.

Research Progress on Synthesis and Properties of Sulfur⁃Containing High Refractive Index Optical Resins
Xiao-Feng GUO, Jia-Lin LI, Yu-Bo WANG, Jun-Su JIN
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2022, 39 (5): 723-735.   DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.210136
Abstract718)   HTML33)    PDF (1305KB)(1632)      

As a substitute for inorganic glass, organic optical resin has the advantages of light mass, good impact resistance, easy processing, and strong adjustability. The refractive index is one of the main parameters of optical resins. The level of refractive index can directly affect the thickness, aesthetics and comfort of the finished lens. Improving the refractive index of optical resins without reducing the overall performance of optical resins has always been a hot and difficult point in this field. The introduction of sulfur with high molar refractive index into optical resins is considered to be one of the most effective and commonly used methods. In this paper, sulfur-containing optical resins are divided into olefins, epoxys, episulfides, sulfur heterocyclic rings, and polyurethanes. The research progress in recent years at home and abroad is briefly reviewed, involving monomer synthesis, monomer polymerization, and the influences of monomer structures on the comprehensive performances of optical resins. The properties and development of the above materials are also analyzed.

Beta-Sialon(Si 6- zAl zO zN 8- z):Eu 2+:A Promising Narrow-band Green Phosphor for Light-emitting Diode Backlights
XIE Rongjun,ZHOU Tianliang,TAKAHAHIS Kohei,HIROSAKI Naoto
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2016, 33 (8): 855-866.   DOI: 10.11944/j.issn.1000-0518.2016.08.160240
Abstract1200)   HTML13)    PDF (921KB)(2797)      

GaN-based white light-emitting diode(LED) is now an emerging backlight technology for large color gamut and high efficiency liquid crystal displays. In this technology, phosphors are key materials to control the color-space coverage, luminous efficiency, and lifetime of the backlight units, which are required to have a desired emission and a narrow emission band. β-Sialon:Eu2+(sialon:silicon aluminum oxynitride, Si6-zAlzOzN8-z) is such a green phosphor because it has an emission band centered at 525~545 nm and a small band width(~55 nm). This contribution overviews the synthesis, luminescence, electronic and crystal structure, reliability and applications of β-sialon:Eu2+. From both structure calculations and experimental observations, Eu2+ is seen to be accommodated into a large void along the c-axis, and coordinated to six nitrogen/oxygen atoms at an equivalent distance. The narrow emission band is thus ascribed to the high symmetry of the local structure of Eu2+. Both of the emission band and the band width of β-sialon:Eu2+ can be tuned by tailoring the composition(e.g., the z value), and β-sialon:Eu2+ with shorter wavelengths and narrower bands can be achieved at lower z values. Combined with other red phosphors, β-sialon:Eu2+ enables to produce wider color gamut backlights(15% up) than the conventional yttrium aluminum garnet(YAG)-based ones. Both the excellent luminescence properties and reliability make β-sialon:Eu2+ to be an extremely important green phosphor for use in advanced displays.

Research Progress on g-Line and i-Line Photoresists
GU Xue-Song, LI Xiao-Ou, LIU Ya-Dong, JI Sheng-Xiang
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2021, 38 (9): 1091-1104.   DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.210265
Abstract2168)      PDF (3477KB)(1952)      
Photoresist is an indispensable basic material in the integrated circuit field. As the increasingly fierce international competition, photoresist is monopolized by United States, Japan and other countries. The localization of photoresist is imminent. This review focuses on g-line (436 nm) and i-line (365 nm) photoresists that are currently used in the market. According to its composition, it is divided into novolak-diazonaphthoquinone(DNQ) photoresist, chemically amplified photoresist, molecular glass photoresist and other types to be summarized separately. Details of the novolak-DNQ photoresist are reported. The exposure mechanism and the effects of photosensitizers and additives on the performance of photoresist are also described. It is expected to provide information and reference for the development of g-line and i-line photoresists.
Cited: CSCD(2)
Research Progress of Additives for Acid and Water Removal in Electrolyte of Lithium Ion Battery
Lin-Hu SONG, Shi-You LI, Jie WANG, Jing-Jing ZHANG, Ning-Shuang ZHANG, Dong-Ni ZHAO, Fei XU
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2022, 39 (5): 697-706.   DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.210129
Abstract1292)   HTML84)    PDF (2413KB)(2243)      

In the application process of commercial lithium-ion battery electrolyte, the electrolyte, lithium salt lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), is prone to hydrolysis in presence of trace water, which can lead to the comprehensive electrochemical performance damage of the battery system. Therefore, it is urgent to control the introduction of trace water in the electrolyte body and measures to reduce the influence of lithium salt and trace water reaction products on the battery system. This article mainly summarizes the characteristics of additives containing different function groups in removing trace amounts of water and acid from electrolytes, and analyzes the function of acid-removing and water-removing. Finally, future research directions as well as application prospects of acid-removing and water-removing additives are prospected.

Artificial Carbon Sequestration Technology—Research Progress on the Catalysts for Thermal Catalytic Reduction of CO 2
Xue-Ting WU, Yang YU, Shu-Yan SONG, Hong-Jie ZHANG
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2022, 39 (4): 599-615.   DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.210451
Abstract909)   HTML48)    PDF (5341KB)(1767)      

Selective hydrogenation has very important applications in the chemical industry such as synthesis of functional materials and purification of chemical products. In recent years, in order to reduce the impact of the greenhouse effect, the selective hydrogenation of CO2 into other valuable chemicals has become a research hotspot. Among them, the thermal catalysis is widely used, easy to obtain a variety of target products and high yield of products. At present, the heterogeneous thermal catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to produce methane, methanol, light olefins and other high-value fuels and chemicals has made some progresses, but their development is still challenging. The preparation of high-efficiency catalysts is one of the keys. For a long time, researchers have been committed to solving the problem of catalyst activity and selectivity, and modifying the catalysts by doping with additives and adding functional carriers. In response to these problems, this article briefly introduces the background of the catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 and reviews the catalysts used in the heterogeneous thermal catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 into methane, methanol and light olefin products in recent five years. It is expected to provide a reference for the development of new catalysts in the heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of CO2.

Progress in Iron, Cobalt and Nickel-Based Metal Phosphide Nano-catalysts for Hydrogen Production under Alkaline Conditions
MENG Yang, YANG Chan, PENG Juan
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2020, 37 (7): 733-745.   DOI: 10.11944/j.issn.1000-0518.2020.07.200058
Abstract944)      PDF (1310KB)(1420)      
Transition metal phosphides (TMPs) have been widely recognized as favorable electrocatalytic materials for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) due to their high conductivity and good stability. In this review, we highlight the progress on the synthesis and characterization of Ni, Co and Fe based phosphides nanomaterials, as well as the HER activities of TMPs in alkaline solutions. The TMPs show low overpotential at a specific current density and have good stability, indicating that more phosphorus-rich phases exhibit higher HER activities within certain limits, which provides a direction for our future research.
Cited: CSCD(2)
部分氧化海藻酸钠的制备与性能
何淑兰;张敏;耿占杰;尹玉姬;姚康德
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry   
Abstract1387)      PDF (328KB)(2342)      
部分氧化海藻酸钠的制备与性能;海藻酸钠;氧化;降解;水凝胶
Cited: CSCD(14)
Preparation and Application of High Stability Metal-Organic Framework UiO-66
HAN Yitong,LIU Min,LI Keyan,ZUO Yi,ZHANG Guoliang,ZHANG Zongchao,GUO Xinwen
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2016, 33 (4): 367-378.   DOI: 10.11944/j.issn.1000-0518.2016.04.150439
Abstract11287)   HTML2065098249)    PDF (943KB)(7913)      

Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs) are a new class of hybrid porous crystalline materials constructed from metal-oxygen clusters with organic linkers, creating three dimensional ordered frameworks. As porous materials, MOFs usually possess very high surface area. The framework topologies and pore size of MOFs can be designed via choosing various metal centers and organic linkers, their chemical properties can be modified by chemical functionalization of linkers and post modification. These unique characteristics make MOFs one of the research hot spots in the fields of chemistry and materials, and they have shown potential applications in various research areas. But there is a crucial weakness which hinders the development of MOFs, namely, the low stability. However, zirconium-terephthalate-based MOF UiO-66 has remarkable hydrothermal stability, the framework is claimed to be stable up to 500 ℃, and it is also highly resistant to many solvents. UiO-66 has gained great attention since the outstanding qualities. In this review, details of the synthesis modulation and functionalization of UiO-66 are presented. In addition, the research actuality and prospective of UiO-66 in the fields of adsorption, catalysis, etc. are also discussed.

Cited: CSCD(14)
Research Progress of Metal-organic Framework MIL-88A(Fe) and Its Composites in Water Treatment
Hua-Yu WANG, Chao ZHANG, Ke-Ming CHEN, Ming GE
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2023, 40 (2): 155-168.   DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.220259
Abstract448)   HTML40)    PDF (2951KB)(865)      

As an emerging material, multifunctional metal-organic framework MIL-88A(Fe) poses a potential application in water treatment. Considering the unique physical and chemical properties of MIL-88A(Fe) (i.e. porous structure, unsaturated metal sites and excellent visible light absorption ability), MIL-88A(Fe) can heterogeneously combine with other functional materials (i.e. carbon materials, inorganic semiconductor materials) to improve its adsorption and catalytic performance. This paper reviews the application of MIL-88A(Fe) and its composites as adsorbents and catalysts in water treatment. The mechanism of adsorption removal of pollutants in water by MIL-88A(Fe) and its composites (especially heavy metal ions) is summarized, and the reaction mechanism for degradation of organic pollutants in water by MIL-88A(Fe) and its composites in photocatalytic technology, Fenton-like technology, peroxydisulfate advanced oxidation technology and ozone-catalytic technology is introduced. It is pointed out that the MIL-88A(Fe)-based functional materials have problems such as narrow applicable pH range and difficulty in recycling in the process of wastewater treatment. Future research needs to optimize the preparation condition of MIL-88A(Fe) to improve the yield and ensure the regular morphology, small size and high crystallinity of MIL-88A(Fe), improve the stability of MIL-88A(Fe) by surface coating technology, and enhance the recycling performance of MIL-88A(Fe) by endowing its magnetic property. In addition, according to the structure of the target organic pollutants and water quality condition, it is necessary to reasonably adjust the degradation contribution of the free radical pathway and the non-radical pathway to the target pollutant in the MIL-88A(Fe)-based advanced oxidation process, thus achieving the best decontamination effect.

Recent Advances in Direct Oxidation of Methane to Methanol
Ke WANG, Xiao WANG, Shu-Yan SONG
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2022, 39 (4): 540-558.   DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.210461
Abstract1595)   HTML72)    PDF (5438KB)(1394)      

The methods for synthesizing methanol from methane include indirect method and direct catalytic oxidation method, but the indirect method requires high equipment, and the methane conversion rate and methanol selectivity are not ideal. Direct catalytic oxidation method (DMTM) can produce methanol with high selectivity through a one-step reaction, and has huge application potential. For DMTM, the homogeneous catalytic system usually requires a special reaction medium combined with a precious metal catalyst. Although the reaction efficiency is high, it is corrosive to the reaction equipment, the product is not easy to separate, and the application prospect is poor. Liquid phase-heterogeneous catalysis generally uses H2O2 as the oxidant, Au, Pd, Fe, Cu and other metal elements as the main active component of the catalyst, and·OH is the main oxidation active substance, which can be used at low temperature to realize the activation and oxidation of methane. Therefore, heterogeneous catalytic systems are currently the mainstream of research. Gas phase-heterogeneous catalysis mainly uses O2 and N2O as oxidants. The former is more active, and the latter is more selective for products. In addition, H2O in anaerobic systems can also be directly used as oxygen donors, commonly Cu, Fe, Rh, etc. elements are used as catalysts. Zeolite molecular sieves are the most widely used support, and metal oxides, metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and graphene are also involved. Multi-metal synergistic catalysis has achieved good results. This article mainly summarizes the research on the direct catalytic oxidation of thermally catalyzed methane to methanol in recent years, and prospects for future research directions.

Basics of Research Progress for Urea Electrolysis for Hydrogen Generation and Urea Fuel Cells
Chun YIN, Jia-Xin LI, Li-Gang FENG
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2023, 40 (8): 1158-1174.   DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.230131
Abstract268)   HTML15)    PDF (3960KB)(581)      

Urea as an effective hydrogen carrier can be used in urea electrolysis (UE) for hydrogen production and direct urea fuel cells (DUFC). In urea electrolysis, the coupling of urea oxidation reaction (UOR) at the anode and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at the cathode to produce hydrogen is more cost-effective than water electrolysis, with energy consumption reduced by about 30% and economic cost reduced by about 36%. In the direct urea fuel cells, urea as fuel at the anode and coupled with oxygen reduction at the cathode can convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy. As the basis of these two energy conversion technologies, UOR has received more and more attention. This review discusses the reaction principle and performance description parameters of UOR in alkaline electrolytes and introduces the application of UOR in UE and DUFC. Attention is also given to the principles of UE and DUFC and the development status of some catalysts, and finally, the challenges faced in the development of UE and DUFC are also commented. Hopefully, this review will be helpful for understanding the basics of UE and DUFC.

Nanozyme: A New Type of Biosafety Material
ZHAO Yue, MENG Xiang-Qin, YAN Xi-Yun, FAN Ke-Long
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2021, 38 (5): 524-545.   DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.210174
Abstract3894)      PDF (3692KB)(2878)      
Nanozymes are a kind of nanomaterials with enzyme-like activity. Since they were first discovered in 2007, nearly a thousand kinds of nanomaterials with different compositions have been found to have enzyme-like activity. They exhibit similar enzymatic reaction kinetics and catalytic mechanisms to natural enzymes and can be used as a good substitute for natural enzymes. Due to the enzyme-like activity and the advantages of multifunctionality, economy, stability, and easy to scale production, nanozymes have shown good application prospects in the rapid detection of pathogenic microorganisms and the prevention or treatment of infectious diseases. Therefore, nanozymes are regarded as a new type of biosafety material. This article reviews the application of nanozymes in detecting and killing of bacteria and viruses in recent years, and provides a basis for the development of diagnostic and anti-pathogenic microbial treatment strategies based on nanozyme when responding to major biosafety threats and preventing biosafety hazards.
Cited: CSCD(1)
Application of Porphyrin-Based Framework Materials on Photocatalysis
WANG Yuting,YANG Tianyi,ZHANG Yinghui
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2020, 37 (6): 611-619.   DOI: 10.11944/j.issn.1000-0518.2020.06.190336
Abstract1274)   HTML30)    PDF (1753KB)(1936)      

Porphyrins have been widely used to construct new photocatalytic and photosensitizing materials because of their strong absorption of visible light. The photophysical and photochemical properties of porphyrin units could be easily modulated in frameworks materials, with the aid of the large surface area and tunable pore structure of the frameworks, leading to an improved photocatalytic quantum yield and selectivity. In this review, the recent advances of porphyrin-based frameworks materials, including metal organic framework materials (MOFs) and covalent organic framework materials (COFs) as well as covalent organic polymers (COPs) have been briefly summarized in the field of photocatalysis. Moreover, the key problems faced by designing high-performance porphyrin-based photocatalysts were analyzed in order to give some advice for the future development.

Research Progress of Carbon‑Encapsulated Iron‑Based Nanoparticles Electrocatalysts for Zinc‑Air Batteries
Dan WANG, Xian-Biao HOU, Xing-Kun WANG, Zhi-Cheng LIU, Huan-Lei WANG, Ming-Hua HUANG
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2022, 39 (10): 1488-1500.   DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.210573
Abstract350)   HTML20)    PDF (6308KB)(1089)      

Zinc-air batteries (ZABs) are regarded as one of the most promising candidates for a new generation of advanced energy conversion and storage devices, while the inferior activity and stability of air cathode electrocatalysts largely hinder the widespread application of ZABs. The extensive efforts for exploring and designing high active yet stable air cathode catalysts is, therefore, indispensable for the improvement of ZABs performance. Recently, carbon-encapsulated iron-based nanoparticles have been reported to exhibit excellent oxygen catalytic performance on account of their resistance to corrosion, oxidation, and aggregation under harsh conditions, and have been widely used as cathode materials for ZABs. As a result, we systematically summarize the applications of carbon-encapsulated transition metal iron-based materials as cathode catalysts for ZABs. In this review, the basic principle of ZABs and challenges faced by air cathode catalysts are firstly expounded. Then, the research progress of the carbon-encapsulated iron-based nanoparticles electrocatalysts (such as iron-based and its alloy, carbide, oxide and phosphide, et al.) are emphatically discussed and analyzed. Finally, the future development perspectives of carbon-encapsulated iron-based electrocatalysts in the applications of ZABs are put forward.

Research Progress on the Application and Function of Portulaca Oleracea L. in Cosmetics
Xing-Yu TAO, Xuan HU, Tong-Chuan WU, Fei ZHENG, Hao YUE, Yu-Lin DAI
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2023, 40 (6): 820-832.   DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.220351
Abstract278)   HTML11)    PDF (2742KB)(652)      

Portulaca oleracea L. (PO) contains various active chemicals. PO is a medicine and food homologous to traditional Chinese medicine, which has high medicinal and edible value. In recent years, it has been widely used in the field of the chemical industry, especially in the field of cosmetics. Cosmetic companies have developed facial masks, essence, skin care water, cleanser and other cosmetic products that have been added the active ingredient extracted from PO. However, the related commercial cosmetics of PO mainly contain the ethanol extracts, while there are few cosmetic products involving its aqueous extracts, such as polysaccharide and polyphenol. The emergence of new dosage forms has enriched the research on the percutaneous delivery system of PO in cosmetics, and new carriers such as liposomes, delivery bodies, and β-cyclodextrins can be developed in the future. The chemical composition, function, mechanism, and application of Portulaca oleracea in cosmetics are summarized, and some suggestions and prospects are put forward on the development and application of Portulaca oleracea in cosmetics.

Bio⁃inspired Hydrogels: Synthesis, Bionic Design and Applications in the Field of Energy Storage and Conversion
LIU Xu, LI​ Yang-Ke-Xin, DU Li, YU Jian, WANG Jia-Cheng, GENG Yang, HAN Guang, SUN Kuan, LI Meng
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2022, 39 (1): 35-54.   DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.210488
Abstract730)   HTML28)    PDF (8307KB)(1075)      

Energy and environmental issues are one of the greatest challenges in the 21st. Utilizing and storing energy helps alleviate a series of severe environment pollution problems, thus, becoming a hotpot of research. Methods of using cleaning energy, such as electrochemical energy storage, photocatalysis, interfacial solar evaporation and fog collection, have been considered as an environment-friendly way to solve issues above. In recent years, learning from nature has been an efficient way to acquire inspiration. Natural creatures, characteristics in organisms, structure of bio-system, these natural designs all show fabulous mysteries. In this review, we emphasis applications of hydrogel in the field of energy conversion and storage. Firstly, we briefly introduce the characteristics, classification, synthesis and other relevant information of hydrogel. Furthermore, we also give a brief introduction of the advanced technology and corresponding requirements in the field of energy, such as electrochemical energy storage, photocatalysis, solar evaporation and so on. Electrochemical energy storage requires enough reactive active sites to ensure efficient energy conversion and hydrogels can provide more reaction sites because of larger surface area. Besides, the good flexibility and mechanical properties of hydrogels are more adaptable to be used in more situations. The technologies of photocatalysis and photothermal evaporation are all required efficient solar absorption performance. The methods that heat localization and water states adjustment can improve the performance of solar evaporation efficiently. Hydrogels are porous, which can enhance the multiple reflection in the micro-channels, thereby enhancing the absorption of light. Selecting proper functional group of polymers can adjust the state of water, so the polymer chain of hydrogel has a certain impact on the state of water. Regulating the state of water can help reduce the evaporation enthalpy of water, which can improve the performance of photothermal evaporation. By learning from nature, hydrogel has gone through three processes from simple use of biomass components to structural bionics to the current bio-inspired bionics. This review provides new ideas for follow-up research by giving specific examples of bionic hydrogel applications in the energy and environment fields. Finally, we give a simple summary and concise outlook about the development of bio-inspired hydrogels.

Cited: CSCD(1)
Advances in Black Phosphorus Anode Advantages and Optimization in Li-ion Battery Anodes
Fang-Zheng HU, Xing GAO, Lei LIU, Tian-Heng YUAN, Ning CAO, Kai LI, Ya-Tao WANG, Jian-Hua LI, Hui-Qin LIAN, Xiao-Dong WANG, Xiu-Guo CUI
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2023, 40 (4): 571-582.   DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.220324
Abstract298)   HTML14)    PDF (1605KB)(581)      

In the context of the development of new energy sources to reduce carbon emissions and achieve carbon neutralization, power batteries represented by lithium-ion batteries are given higher expectations. The development of electrode materials with high capacity, high multiplicity and high stability is a key step to achieve this goal. Graphite cathodes and silicon carbon cathodes are relatively mature at present, and maintain their respective advantages. Black phosphorus has two-dimensional layered structure and high lithium potential, which shows outstanding advantages in realizing extremely fast charging, but there are also some problems such as volume expansion. In view of the problems of black phosphorus anode, researchers studied the optimization from various dimensions, including structure optimization, surface interface optimization and the pre-lithiation strategy. In this paper, the possibility that black phosphorus can be used as anode electrode of extremely fast charging lithium ion battery is demonstrated, the optimization progress of black phosphorus negative electrode is then reviewed, and its own views and suggestions are put forward. The challenges and development direction of black phosphorus anode electrode are pointed out, and the development prospect of black phosphorus anode electrode is prospected.

Progress on Tuning the Geometric and Electronic Structure of Precious Metal Catalysts for Hydrogen Peroxide Production via Two-Electron Oxygen Reduction
Er-Gui LUO, Tao TANG, Yi WANG, Jun-Ming ZHANG, Yu-Hong CHANG, Tian-Jun HU, Jian-Feng JIA
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2023, 40 (8): 1063-1076.   DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.230048
Abstract259)   HTML17)    PDF (4459KB)(517)      

Electrochemical synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2via two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e-ORR) is featured with cost effectiveness and environmental friendliness, and enables on-site production of H2O2 on demand. One of the key technologies is the development of safe, economical and efficient 2e-ORR catalysts. Here, the research progress in precious-metal-based catalytic materials for the synthesis of H2O2via 2e-ORR in recent ten years is reviewed. This review starts with the fundamental mechanism of ORR, pointing out the tuning knobs of reaction pathway on precious-metal surfaces, namely, *OOH binding energy and O2 adsorption mode. The regulating methodologies of geometric structure and electronic structure of precious-metal materials are summarized and exemplified, emphasizing the importance of balanced optimization of catalytic activity and selectivity. We have also briefly introduced the lab-scale methods for performance evaluation of 2e-ORR catalysts. Finally, the challenges and prospects of H2O2 synthesis catalyzed by precious metals are discussed, especially the catalyst stability and the objective evaluation of cost. This review is expected to provide a reference for rational design of novel 2e-ORR catalysts.

Research Progress in Detection of Heavy Metal Ions by Electrochemical Analysis
Ming-Yan LIU, Xiu-Ding SHI, Tian-Guo LI, Jing WANG
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2023, 40 (4): 463-475.   DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.220228
Abstract716)   HTML322)    PDF (1081KB)(619)      

Heavy metals are difficult to biodegrade and pose a serious threat to the environment and human life and health. Hence, the detection and treatment of heavy metal pollution is vital. In recent years, electrochemical methods for the detection of heavy metal ions have become a research hotspot in the field of heavy metal detection because of their high sensitivity, fast analysis speed and the ability to detect multiple metal ions simultaneously. This paper reviews the detection principles and development status of common electrochemical detection methods, and describes the detection effects of potentiometric analysis, potentiometric stripping analysis and voltammetry by introducing the parameters of linear range, detection limit and recovery. Finally, the review outlines the advantages and disadvantages of various methods, and points out the future research directions in order to provide a basis for the application of electrochemical sensors.

Explosives & Propellants and Chemistry
De-Hong YANG, Yang YANG, Kun WANG, Wen-Jie FAN, Fang HE, Liu-Xue ZHANG, Yao-Min ZHAO
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2023, 40 (6): 916-922.   DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.220390
Abstract259)   HTML650)    PDF (3115KB)(462)      

Gunpowder is one of the four great inventions of ancient China, which once had an important impact on the world pattern and development process. However, after the late Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty, gunpowder firearms gradually declined in China. Gunpowder moved to the West with the war and became black powder, which promoted the birth and development of modern chemical science. The development of chemical science is of great significance to the dynamite family. The brilliant achievements of China's modern king of dynamite revitalize the glory of Chinese gunpowder. This paper reviews the legendary development course and the groundbreaking role of dynamite, describes the properties, rich types and unique working principles of its special chemical energy, and tries to trace the internal mechanism of gunpowder combustion and explosion. It aims to highlight the importance of scientific thinking mode and the development of chemistry discipline to the study of explosives, so as to continuously enrich the knowledge connotation of chemistry students, stimulate their enthusiasm for innovative thinking, enhance their professional confidence, cultural confidence and national confidence, and promote the spirit of scientists.

Recent Advances in Hydrogen Generation by Catalytic Hydrolysis of Ammonia Borane
LIU Jun-Hui, GUO Xu-Ming, SONG Ya-Kun, GUO Xin-Wen
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2021, 38 (2): 157-169.   DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.200229
Abstract2118)      PDF (1910KB)(1051)      
Energy utilization in the world is facing great challenges and it is very important to develop green and clean energy. Hydrolysis of ammonia borane is one of the effective routes to produce clean and renewable hydrogen and suitable catalysts can improve the efficiency of hydrogen production in the hydrolysis reaction. The development of efficient and safe catalysts has been the focus and hotspot in this field. This paper reviews the role of active metal components and supports in the preparation of catalysts and the catalytic hydrolysis of ammonia borane based on the key factors that affect the catalytic performance. Finally, the current problems are summarized and the future development of this field is pointed out.
Cited: CSCD(1)
Synthesis and Application Progress of Organic Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants
LI Nana,JIANG Guowei,ZHOU Guangyuan,JIANG Zhenhua,WANG Huawei
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2016, 33 (6): 611-623.   DOI: 10.11944/j.issn.1000-0518.2016.06.150299
Abstract1817)   HTML76)    PDF (774KB)(4883)      

Organic phosphorus-containing flame retardants have good characteristics, such as high efficiency, low toxicity, no pollution and smokeless. To date, research of synthesis and application in this field attracts a lot of attention. This paper reviewed recent developments, current status and potential future trends of organic phosphorus-containing flame retardants. The classification and mechanism of organic phosphorus-containing flame retardants were also introduced. The development and problems in the application were outlined considering the aspects of organic phosphorus-containing fire retardants.

Cited: CSCD(19)
A Differential Study on in vitro Antioxidant Activity and Extract Composition of Different Parts of Panax Ginseng
ZHANG Hui-E, HOU Jian-Feng, WANG Jing-Yuan, ZHU Shuang, DU Lian-Yun, YE Ping, WEI Kun, CHEN Chang-Bao, LI Guang, WANG En-Peng
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2021, 38 (11): 1531-1540.   DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.210317
Abstract517)      PDF (1040KB)(516)      
In order to provide theoretical basis for rational exploitation and utilization of ginseng resources, the differences of active antioxidants and chemical components in extracts from different parts of ginseng were compared. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, 2,2'-biazo-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfone (ABTS) radical scavenging assay and ferric ion reduction assay (FRAP) were used to evaluate the antioxidant activities of different ginseng extracts. The compounds in ethyl acetate (EAE) extracts from different parts of Panax ginseng were identified and compared by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The results of DPPH, ABTS and FRAP experiments show that the EAE extracts of ginseng stem and leaf have the best antioxidant effect. The half inhibition concentration (IC 50) value of DPPH is (0.66±0.02) g/L, and the IC 50 value of positive drug-2,6-BHT is (0.26±0.02) g/L. The IC 50 value of ABTS is (0.54±0.26) g/L, and the IC 50 value of BHT is (0.15±0.04) g/L. The EAE of FRAP test is (272.09±3.78) mg/L, and the positive BHT value is (1319.37±3.80) mg/L. By GC-MS analysis, 20, 27, 14 and 14 components are identified from the EAE extracts of ginseng root, ginseng folium, ginseng flower and ginseng seed, respectively, of which one common component is linoleic acid. This study provides a theoretical basis for better exploitation and utilization of ginseng resources and intensive processing of antioxidant food and cosmetic products.
Preparation of Molybdenum Disulfide Quantum Dots/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composites and Their Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dyes, Tetracyclines and Cr(VI)
Yi-Xin XU, Shuang WANG, Jing QUAN, Wan-Ting GAO, Tian-Qun SONG, Mei YANG
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2022, 39 (5): 769-778.   DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.210115
Abstract402)   HTML24)    PDF (4173KB)(1150)      

Molybdenum disulfide quantum dots/reduced graphene oxide (MoS2 QDs/rGO) composites were prepared by a one-pot solvothermal reduction method with sodium molybdate, L-cysteine and graphene oxide as raw materials. The photocatalytic degradation performance of photocatalysts was studied under visible light with rhodamine B (RhB), methylene blue (MB), tetracyclines (TC) and Cr(VI) as the target pollutants, respectively. MoS2 QDs/rGO composites exhibit excellent photocatalytic activity and stability that are superior to molybdenum disulfide quantum dots and reduced graphene oxide. The photodegradation rates of RhB, MB and Cr(VI) are all above 97%, and those of TC are 69%. Moreover, MoS2 QDs/rGO composites possess high photocatalytic stability and reusability and could be reused for ten times without significant decrease of photocatalytic activity. The photodegradation rates of the two dyes are both maintained over 90%. The photodegradation mechanism of MoS2 QDs/rGO composites is studied by adding radical scavengers of isopropanol, p-benzoquinone and EDTA-2Na, respectively. It is found that superoxide radical (·O 2 - ) is the main active species of MoS2 QDs/rGO.

Towards Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography: Progress and Challenges of Photoresists
CUI Hao, WANG Qian-Qian, WANG Xiao-Lin, HE Xiang-Ming, XU Hong
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2021, 38 (9): 1154-1167.   DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.210189
Abstract1673)      PDF (2020KB)(2316)      
Lithography enabled nanoscale fabrication in the semiconductor industry; Its resolution and accuracy directly determined the integration, reliability, and cost of integrated circuits. Lithography is a micro-processing technology that uses the solubility switch of photoresists upon the exposure of ultraviolet light or electron beam, to transfer the pre-designed patterns on the mask to the substrate. With the continuous advancement of light sources used in semiconductor processing, from g-line and i-line to KrF (248 nm) and then to ArF (193 nm), the photoresist is also constantly developing to meet requirements of sensitivity, transmittance, and resistance to etching. Nowadays, extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography has been recognized as the next generation of photo-lithography technology; however, the corresponding photoresist is still facing substantial challenges. This article will briefly review the development of lithography light sources and the historical changes in corresponding photoresists; and then discuss the challenges, such as sensitivity, resolution, and etching resistance for EUV photoresists. Based on this, the future development direction of EUV photoresists is proposed.
Cited: CSCD(2)
Synthesis and Photochromic Properties of Two Isostructural Viologen Coordination Polymers
Jin-Jian LIU, Na LIU, Feng-Yi YANG
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2023, 40 (2): 245-251.   DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.220185
Abstract364)   HTML8)    PDF (1840KB)(422)      

As a new type of smart material, chromic materials have great applications in the fields of optical storage information and optical devices. Self-assembly of transition metal ions Mn2+ and Cd2+ with a viologen ligand, 1,1′-bis(4-carboxybenzyl)-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride (H2BpybcCl2) with flexible backbone, forms two novel isostructural coordination polymers, [Mn(Bpybc)Cl2·H2O] n (1) and [Cd(Bpybc)Cl2·4H2O] n (2). X-ray single-crystal diffraction shows that two compounds are one-dimensional chain structures. Both compounds exhibit obvious photochromic behaviors under UV irradiation, which is caused by photo-induced electron transfer to generate viologen free radicals.

Research Progress of Mechanism of Acidic Oxygen Evolution Reaction and Development of Ir⁃based Catalysts
Xue WANG, Yi-Bo WANG, Xian WANG, Jian-Bing ZHU, Jun-Jie GE, Chang-Peng LIU, Wei XING
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2022, 39 (4): 616-628.   DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.210336
Abstract731)   HTML40)    PDF (2272KB)(1090)      

The rapid development of sustainable energy has made green and clean hydrogen energy a hot spot. Proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis is a promising technology that can efficiently produce high-purity hydrogen. IrO2, the-state-of-the-art electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), can not only overcome the high corrosion conditions in acidic media, but also exhibit superior catalytic performance. However, due to the scarcity and high price of Ir, it is crucial to develop low-Ir catalysts and improve the OER activity. The study of its reaction mechanism is one of the current research hotspots, and it is also the key to the design of excellent OER catalysts. The conventional adsorbate evolution mechanism (AEM) and lattice oxygen evolution reaction mechanism (LOER) are introduced. Subsequently, based on the two proposed mechanisms, the basic design principles of OER catalysts are introduced, namely, regulating the electronic structure of Ir-based catalysts, improving the adsorption energy of reaction intermediate species on the catalytic active sites, thereby increasing the catalytic activity of OER. It also briefly summarizes the recent research progress of OER catalysts from the three aspects of catalyst structure design, morphology control, and support materials, and the recent research progress of OER catalysts is briefly summarized. Moreover, several unresolved problems are put forward on the basis of the existing OER catalysts, which points out the direction for further research.

Progress in Chemical Modification and Application of Lignin
Xing-Quan XIONG, Hui ZHANG, Li-Zhu GAO
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2023, 40 (6): 806-819.   DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.220363
Abstract552)   HTML30)    PDF (2334KB)(548)      

Lignin is one of the most abundant and significant natural polymeric materials in the world, and its position is only second to cellulose. In woody plants, lignin content accounts for about 25%. Due to its chemical inertness and structural complexity, the application of lignin is very limited. Therefore, the chemical modification of lignin is the key method to transform lignin into functional materials, which is of great significance for the sustainable development of resources and environment. In this review, the research progress on the development of chemical modification of lignin and its applications, including wastewater treatment, heterogeneous catalysis and other aspects, are summarized. Furthermore, discussions on challenges and perspectives in the field of lignin modification are also presented.

Research Progress of Shielding and Shielding Materials of Nuclear Radiation
WANG Lu, ZHAO Meng, CHEN Zhao-Bin
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2021, 38 (12): 1576-1587.   DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.210466
Abstract736)      PDF (758KB)(1255)      
The wide applications and safe utilization make much higher requirements for nuclear radiation shielding and shielding materials. Starting from shielding analysis, this review introduces firstly the types of radiations produced by the nuclear reactor and corresponding shielding mechanisms, following by guiding principles of shielding design. Emphases are then given to new developed shielding materials that have been already applied or have potentials in real applications. Finally, problems and probable research interests in the future are proposed, which is believed to be beneficial for the scientists and researchers in this field.
Preparation of Molybdenum Phosphide⁃based Catalyst and Its Application in Water Electrolysis
Bo-Yang CUI, Hong-Da WU, Zong-Bao YU, Zong-Xing GENG, Tie-Qiang REN, Chun-Wei SHI, Zhan-Xu YANG
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2022, 39 (3): 439-450.   DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.210086
Abstract698)   HTML29)    PDF (3312KB)(1867)      

With dodecyl amine intercalated orthorhombic molybdenum trioxide as the precursor, PH3 was produced by decomposition of sodium hypophosphite as the phosphorus source, in a confined space by in-situ carbonization and phosphating method to synthesize “N-doped MoP/graphite” composite materials. The microstructure and physicochemical properties of the catalyst samples obtained at different phosphating temperatures of 700, 800 and 900 ℃ were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy (Raman), and specific surface area measurement (BET). The catalytic performance in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) of water was investigated. The results show that part of dodecyl amine decomposes to form N-doped graphite as the conductive structure, and the other part decomposes to form nitrogen-doped molybdenum phosphide. The 800 ℃ phosphating sample has the largest pore size ratio and electrochemically active surface area, and shows the best catalytic performance (overpotential ηonset=111 mV, Tafel slope b=70 mV/dec and excellent stability of 27 hours) which is better than those of most reported molybdenum phosphide catalysts.

Progress on Microstructural Optimization and Controllable Preparation Technology for Lithium Ion Battery Electrodes
WU Xiangkun,ZHAN Qiushe,ZHANG Lan,ZHANG Suojiang
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2018, 35 (9): 1076-1092.   DOI: 10.11944/j.issn.1000-0518.2018.09.180165
Abstract2071)   HTML35)    PDF (2889KB)(2705)      

Lithium-ion batteries are the most widely used energy storage device, and currently, the rapid development of economy has put forward higher requirements on their performances. Electrode microstructure has significant influence on the battery performance, therefore, elaborate microstructure design and controllable preparation thereof is becoming one of the hot topics in this field. In this paper, according to the latest development trend of lithium ion batteries, the basic electrochemical process and the microstructural characterization technology of the lithium ion battery electrode are enumerated. Then the design and optimization of the electrode in recent years are summarized, and the key microstructural features are discussed. Based on an ideal electrode structure, the latest development in controllable electrode preparation technology is reviewed.

Cited: CSCD(1)
Research Progress on Responsive Hydrogels and Their Applications in Biomedicines
TANG Li-Zong, ZHANG Lin, DONG Yun-Sheng, QI Chun-Xiao, LIU Xiang-Sheng, WANG Shu-Fang
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2021, 38 (7): 743-753.   DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.200364
Abstract984)      PDF (2116KB)(1270)      
Responsive hydrogels, also known as “smart hydrogels”, can be modified in different ways to respond to physical and chemical stimuli and microenvironment changes. Nowadays, responsive hydrogels have been widely used in biomedical fields, such as pH responsive hydrogel loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) for cancer treatment, temperature responsive hydrogels made from 3D printing for wound healing, glucose responsive hydrogels for diabetes treatment, etc. In this paper, we introduce the current research of responsive hydrogel, including the preparation and modification methods, applications in biomedicine and the future directions.
Cited: CSCD(1)
Research Progress on Photo-degradation of Antibiotics in Water by BiOX(X=Cl,Br,I) Composite Photocatalytic Materials
HE Quan-Bao, HU Zheng, GE Ming
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2021, 38 (7): 754-766.   DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.200318
Abstract630)      PDF (1141KB)(924)      
The large-scale use of antibiotics makes them ubiquitous in the water environment, which poses a certain threat to the ecological environment and human health. Bismuth oxychloride (BiOX (X=Cl, Br, I)) can be used as a photocatalyst to degrade residual antibiotics in water due to its unique two-dimensional layered structure and suitable bandgap. However, BiOX (X=Cl, Br, I) has problems including weak visible light absorption capacity and poor stability, which often requires composite modification (such as metal loading, carbon material modification, and construction of heterojunctions) to improve their performance for removing antibiotics in water. This paper mainly introduces the design, synthesis, mechanism of activity enhancement and photocatalytic reaction mechanisms of BiOX (X=Cl, Br, I) composite photocatalysts for the degradation of antibiotics in water. Compared with metal loading and carbon material modification, the construction of semiconductor heterojunction is a common and cost-effective method to enhance the performance of BiOX (X=Cl, Br, I) photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics in water. It is pointed out that the future research in this field need to evaluate the performance of BiOX (X=Cl, Br, I) composite photocatalytic materials by degrading the different types of antibiotics in water, and it is also necessary to reveal the effect of the background components of natural water bodies (such as dissolved organic matter, inorganic ions, etc.) on the removal of antibiotics using BiOX (X=Cl, Br, I) composite photocatalysts. Finally, it is proposed to introduce peroxide to enhance the effect of BiOX composite photocatalytic system to mineralize antibiotics in water and constructing the magnetic BiOX photocatalytic materials could solve the problem of solid-liquid separation after degradation reaction.
Cited: CSCD(1)
Liquid⁃like Dynamic Interfacial Materials: Recent Progress on Their Applications
FAN Yue, TIAN Xue-Lin
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2022, 39 (1): 131-141.   DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.210490
Abstract776)   HTML31)    PDF (6971KB)(754)      

Liquid-like dynamic interface materials, as a sort of emerging liquid-repellent interface materials, have attracted extensive attention due to the advantages of stable exclusion and low hysteresis when liquids with widespread surface tension moving on the surface. The main preparation strategy for liquid-like dynamic interface materials, is to graft a class of flexible polymer brush with low glass transition temperature on the surface. As these molecular chains are free to rotate and move, liquids on the surface exhibit low hysteresis, low adhesion, and high slip possibility. These performances are crucial when practical applications are in consideration. First, micro-nano rough structures are not necessary for liquid-like coatings. Second, there is no lubricant consumption since the nano-scale slippery coating is covalently bonded on the surface. Third, omniphobicity for liquids with widespread surface tension is shown on liquid-like surface. Hence, liquid-like dynamic interface materials have shown broad application prospects. Studies on liquid-like surface range from traditional hydrophobic and oleophobic applications to industrial scenarios such as microscopically lossless liquid transport, condensation heat transfer, anti-scaling, anti-icing and high-performance membrane separation. This paper reviews the recent research progress with emphasis on the emerging applications of liquid-like dynamic interface materials, and their prospects are given.

Research Progress of Noble Metal Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Acidic Environment
Yin-Nan QIAN, Chuan SHI, Wei ZHANG, Zhao-Yan LUO
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2023, 40 (8): 1126-1139.   DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.230129
Abstract271)   HTML17)    PDF (2372KB)(376)      

Water electrolysis is one of the most efficient and environmentally benign methods for the hydrogen production using renewable but intermittent power sources. Proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolyzers hold great significance for renewable energy storage and conversion. The acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is one of the main roadblocks that hinder the practical application of PEM water electrolyzers. Highly active, cost-effective, and durable electrocatalysts are indispensable for lowering the high kinetic barrier of OER to achieve boosted reaction kinetics. To date, a wide spectrum of advanced electrocatalysts has been designed and synthesized for enhanced acidic OER performance, though Ir and Ru based nanostructures still represent the state-of-the-art catalysts. In this Progress Report, recent research progress on novel electrocatalysts with acidic OER performance is reviewed. First, the basic understanding of acidic OER, including the reaction mechanism, is discussed. On this basis, the design and synthesis progress of noble metal acidic OER electrocatalysts are reviewed for noble metal Ir, Ru single atoms, alloys, oxides, etc. Finally, the future development of acidic OER is prospected from the aspects of reaction mechanism research and more efficient electrocatalyst design.

Analysis of Structure and Imidization of Poly(amic acid) Using FTIR Spectroscopy
JIN Ying, ZENG Guangfu, ZHU Danyang, HUANG Yan, SU Zhaohui*
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry    2011, 28 (03): 258-262.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1095.2011.00332
Abstract3650)      PDF (346KB)(6001)      

We monitored the imidization process of poly(amic acid) synthesized from pyromellitic dianhidride and 4,4′-oxydianiline, and analyzed the IR bands of the poly(amic acid) and the polyimide after thermal imidization using variable temperature FTIR spectroscopy in transmission mode. We investigated peak assignments of the poly(amic acid) and the polyimide and found —COO- and —NH+2 in the system. The C=O symmetrical and asymmetrical stretching vibrations in —COO- locate at 1607 and 1406 cm-1 respectively, NH+2 stretching vibration locate at 3200, 3133, 2938, 2880, 2820, 2610 cm-1. According to the identified IR absorption peaks of —COO- and —NH+2, we proposed the mechanism of the imidization process of poly(amic acid) that during the imidization H+ from COOH of the poly(amic acid) can move to NH of the poly(amic acid) and form —COO- and NH+2, then the intermediate cyclodehydrates to polyimide at last.

Cited: CSCD(13)