Two-photon fluorescence has the advantages of large penetration depth and high spatial resolution， and has an important application prospect in the field of biological imaging. With the continuous innovation and development of related research， organic dipole and quadrupole molecules cannot exhibit the desired two-photon excited fluorescence properties due to the limitations of their own structure and properties， and cannot be designed and regulated in their structure properties. So it is increasingly unable to meet the needs of practical applications. Compared with organic dipole and quadrupole molecules， organic octupolar molecules have obvious advantages in this aspect. Through the diversified structural “clipping” on the multiple structural units （central core， branches and π-conjugate bridges）， the coupling between different branches can be greatly improved and the two-photon absorption cross section can be also improved. At the same time， the water solubility， membrane permeability， biocompatibility and laser stability of the molecule can be further optimized. Therefore， in recent years， more and more research has focused on organic octupole two-photon excited fluorescence materials. The research progress in design， synthesis and properties of organic octupolar two-photon excited fluorescence materials in recent five years is reviewed. The discussion focuses on the design and synthesis of novel central core structure， the improvement of two-photon absorption response of organic blue two-photon excited fluorescence materials， the improvement of photostability and water solubility of two-photon excited fluorescence materials， and the expansion of excitation wavelength from near infrared region 1 to near infrared region 2. The further development trend of this field is also discussed， which provides a basis for the further development and application of organic octupolar two-photon excited fluorescence materials.

In recent years， functional hydrogel materials have seen remarkable progress and shown great promise in a myriad of domains， including healthcare， energy， and artificial intelligence. In the biomedical sector， hydrogels stand out due to their intrinsic qualities， such as high-water permeability and superior biocompatibility， enabling diverse and significant advancements in tissue engineering， drug delivery， wound care， and biomimetic sensing. This paper introduces a novel narrative technique， presenting hydrogels from an anthropomorphized perspective to discuss their chemical and physical properties through selected exemplary cases. These cases vividly illustrate the real-world applications and potential value of these materials in contemporary medicine， highlighting instances such as bone tissue repair， myocardial and vascular reconstruction， wound dressing creation， and pioneering uses in biomimetic sensors and neuroprosthetic technologies. This approach does more than simply inform the reader of the scientific principles underpinning hydrogels； it reveals the versatility and wonder of their medical applications and underscores the importance of ongoing research and the development of new hydrogel materials in the advancement of medical technologies.

The active hydroxy-terminated liquid polybutadiene rubber （HTPB） can be prepared into a macromolecular initiator under appropriate conditions. The polymers with specific functions are connected to both ends of HTPB by the method of block copolymerization modification to form block polymers with diverse structures and rich functions. In this paper， the recent research progress of HTPB block polymers in improving the performance of rocket propellants， stimulation-responsive polymers， stretchable semiconductor materials and amphiphilic polymers are reviewed. The future of HTPB block polymers is also prospected.

The phenomenon of the burnt degree of the coil （cotton wick） has a serious impact on consumer health and experience. Sweeteners are an important component of e-liquids， but Neotame is the only option for sweetener in e-liquids listed in the Chinese national standard. There still lacks systematic and comparative report on sweeteners， and it’s hard to directly evaluate the effect of sweetener on the burnt degree of the coil （cotton wick）. The sensory evaluation on the sweetness characteristics of glucose-stevioside （GSG）， rubusoside， sucralose， Neotame， Fulltame （FA） and acesulfame （AK） was employed. The thermal stability and volatility of the sweeteners or their solution （propylene glycol-glycerol mixture as the solvent） were analyzed with thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry analysis， respectively. The coil-burnt experiment was conducted with the coils absorbed the sweetener solution in a Muffle furnace， and the effect of sweeteners on the burnt degree of coil was investigated with visual inspection and whiteness measurement. The assayed sweeteners can be entirely aerosolized by PG-VG in the absence of coil. The ratio of propylene glycol to glycerol， baking temperature， baking time and sweetener type are the influence factors for the coil whiteness after burning. By baking the coil soaked sweetener solution （4% in e-liquids） at 260 ℃ for 30 min， the mass retention rate of coil follows： sucralose＞AK＞GSG＞Neotame＞FA＞blank， while the whiteness of the baked coil， which indicates less enhancement on the degree of burning followed： GSG-FA＞blank＞Neotame＞sucralose＞AK.

The combination of photovoltaic system and electrochemical technology can not only improve the treatment efficiency， reduce energy consumption and operating costs， but also help promote the application of clean energy in environmental protection and water resources management， and has a good application prospect for achieving sustainable and efficient sewage treatment. The application of photovoltaic conversion of solar energy in wastewater treatment is described， and the research progress of photovoltaic conversion in electrooxidation system， reverse osmosis process， electrocoagulation process， aeration equipment， electroflocculation technology and fenton technology is reviewed. The future research direction of solar energy application in wastewater treatment is also proposed.

Mesophase micro lotion is a special stable dispersion system， whose components mainly include surfactant， water and oil. This microemulsion system has a unique three-phase coexistence characteristic， that is， it can exist with the remaining water phase and the remaining oil phase at the same time， forming a complex phase structure， which has potential application value for the removal and treatment of pollutants. In order to further guide the preparation and optimization of micro lotion in industrial production and provide guidance for the design and development of new and efficient surfactants， a method for the formation of mid phase micro lotion and the determination of its characteristic parameters was proposed. The reservoir water solution， solid sodium carbonate， surfactant， polymer alkaline water solution and distilled water were prepared into five basic water samples and four working water samples in a certain proportion， and six alkyl aryl phosphates with different structures were prepared. The characteristic parameters of mesophase micro lotion under the influence of different alkyl chain lengths， different aromatic ring positions and different temperatures were measured. It can be seen from the experimental analysis that there are two particle size dispersion groups in the working water sample， namely， the nanometer sized mesophase micro lotion liquid bead and the nanometer sized fine mesophase micro emulsion liquid bead. When no alkali is added or the concentration of alkali is low， the working water sample contacts the crude oil to form the mesophase micro lotion； When the water sample time is from 7 d to 91 d， the accumulated liquid droplets of mesophase micro lotion formed by crude oil and working water sample U0D3 are reduced from 97% to 87%， which proves that there is instability in the mesophase micro lotion， and the salt resistance of the mesophase micro lotion is negatively related to the alkyl chain length and the aryl position， and positively related to the temperature change； The solubilization ability is positively correlated with alkyl chain length and aryl position， and negatively correlated with temperature changes.

STSE is an abbreviation of Science， Technology， Society and Environment， emphasizing the correlation and interaction between science， technology， society and ecological environment. Chemistry teaching in higher vocational colleges should attach importance to the selection and organization of STSE content topics， and closely connect with the reality of production and life， so that students can comprehensively use the knowledge to explain STSE related issues. Based on this， this paper adopts research methods such as literature， content analysis and questionnaire survey to investigate and analyze the application status and problems of STSE education concept in chemistry teaching in higher vocational colleges with the students and chemistry teachers in grade 1， 2 and 3 of A higher vocational colleges as the research objects， and puts forward the teaching strategy of chemistry in higher vocational colleges based on STSE education concept in order to provide guidance and reference for teachers to infiltrate STSE education concept in chemistry classroom.

With the rapid development of renewable energy， redox flow battery， as a renewable energy storage system with high capacity， good flexibility， strong scalability and long cycle life， has attracted much attention in the industry. The bipolar plate， as an important part of redox flow battery stack， plays the role of supporting electrode， conducting current， connecting battery， supporting stack and separating positive and negative electrolyte. Due to the harsh working environment， the bipolar plate should have the characteristics of high electrical conductivity， good mechanical properties， good corrosion resistance， low permeability and chemical stability. Therefore， the current development of low-cost high-performance bipolar plates has become one of the key elements of the development of flow batteries. This paper focuses on the recent development status of carbon composite bipolar plates in redox flow batteries since 2010， including the influence of different flow field designs， different carbon-based materials and polymer materials on the conductivity， mechanical properties， permeability resistance， corrosion resistance and single battery performance. Finally， based on the current development requirements and key technical bottlenecks of carbon based composite bipolar plates， a brief analysis and outlook are made.

Photodynamic therapy has been widely used in tumor treatment for decades because of its non-invasive nature， temporal and spatial selectivity， and lower side effects. It employs photosensitizers， light and oxygen molecules to selectively induce apoptosis and necrosis of target cells through photosensitizer-mediated generation of free radicals leading to oxidative damage. However， the drawbacks of conventional photosensitizers， limited tissue penetration of light， molecular oxygen dependence， and inherent tumor barriers against treatment have largely limited the efficacy of photodynamic therapy. Various novel photosensitizers under near-infrared light excitation have been developed in recent years to overcome these barriers and enable photodynamic therapy for deep tumors. Concerning the oxygen-deprived environment of deep tumor tissues， it is helpful to optimize the efficacy of tumor inhibition through strategies that improve， exploit the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. In this review， on the basis of elucidating the working mechanism of photodynamic therapy， we systematically summarize and discuss the recent advances in the strategy of the second near-infrared window-triggered photodynamic therapy in overcoming tumor hypoxia in the past five years， as well as the prospect of its development.

With the development of social industrialization， energy issues have become a hot topic at present. Traditional lithium-ion batteries， due to their poor safety and high cost， cannot meet the current application needs in the energy storage field in the long term. Therefore， the development of suitable new energy has aroused people's deep thinking. Aqueous zinc-ion batteries （AZIBs） have attracted attention from the scientific research community in recent years due to their high safety， cleanliness， and other advantages. However， dendrites are easily grown on the zinc anode， and free water molecules can also corrode the zinc anode， causing side reactions such as hydrogen evolution and passivation， seriously affecting the long-term cycling performance and stability of the battery. This work introduces a new type of ionic liquid additive 1-cyanobutyl-3-methylimidazole chloride （MCBI） to optimize aqueous electrolytes. Before the deposition of zinc ions on the anode surface， MCBI cations will preferentially land on the anode. Due to their special structures of Electron-withdrawing group and nitrogen heterocycles， they will tightly adsorb on the zinc surface in a unique shape of the “Check mark” posture. This provides abundant sites for the deposition of zinc ions， allowing zinc atoms to arrange regularly between MCBI ions， thereby reducing the generation of dendrites. Due to the steric hindrance effect， by-products （Zinc hydroxide sulfate） will also accumulate in an orderly manner around additive ions， forming channels for uniform deposition of zinc ions； The hydrophobic alkyl groups of MCBI cations will repel most of the free water molecules outside the anode， thereby reducing hydrogen evolution reaction （HER）. In this work， under the optimal concentration conditions， the Coulomb efficiency of Zn//Cu asymmetric cell with MCBI additive can reach 99.37% after 200 cycles； Zn//Zn symmetric batteries can stably cycle for more than 1600 h at low current density （0.5 mA/cm²）， and can cycle for more than 1000 h at 10 mA/cm²， 5 mA·h/cm². Finally， VO₂ as the cathode maintains a high-capacity retention rate of 88.5% after 500 cycles in the full battery. This work provides new ideas for the anode modification strategy of aqueous zinc ion batteries.

This study employed an impregnation method to prepare a series of ZnNi/Al₂O₃ catalysts with varying Zn content. The catalysts were characterized using techniques such as X-ray powder diffraction （XRD）， hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction （H₂-TPR）， X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）， and density functional theory （DFT） calculations. The structural and property characterization aimed to investigate the impact of Zn introduction on the catalysts during the phenylacetylene selective hydrogenation to styrene. Experimental results revealed a significant enhancement in catalyst performance with the introduction of Zn， leading to an increase in the conversion rate of phenylacetylene selective hydrogenation to styrene from 92.2% to 96.8%. Characterization of the support and catalyst structure indicated that Zn doping into the NiO lattice substantially strengthened the interaction between the active metal Ni and the support， significantly improving Ni dispersion. Due to the facile segregation of Zn metal， the ZnNi alloy formed on the reduced catalyst surface altered the surface electronic structure of Ni metal. The migration of Zn surface electrons to Ni formed electron-rich Ni active centers， facilitating the phenylacetylene selective hydrogenation to styrene. Theoretical calculations indicated that the introduced Zn led to the formation of a stable Zn₇Ni structure on the catalyst surface， resulting in a transition hydrogenation barrier for styrene of 1.42 eV， significantly higher than the desorption barrier for styrene in selective hydrogenation （0.55 eV）. These findings elucidate the fundamental factors underlying the performance enhancement of Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts by the Zn component.

Actively cultivating and practicing the core values of socialism is of great significance to promote the comprehensive development of people and lead the overall progress of society. This course uses the popular anime “Detective Conan”， which is widely loved by young people to offer scientific and cultural literacy courses of “Finding Chemistry in Detective Conan”. Taking twenty-four words with the core values ??of socialism as the starting point， which fully integrates the scientific knowledge and Chinese elements in the anime plot， exploring the “curriculum ideological politics” innovation approach that combines scientific literacy training with the core values of socialism and the promotion of the core values of socialism it has played a good demonstration for the ideological and political construction of other courses. In addition， the ideological and political construction of this course also based on the international influence of “Detective Conan”（MOOC）. Curriculum ideological and political teaching resource libraries and public welfare sharing will radiate the results of the course of ideological and political teaching through a series of teaching reform conferences in the world. More than 180000 people around the world have selected the course， and the number of clicks of the course network exceeds 100 million people， promoting the more than 2000 schools. It has generated international popularity and fully reflects China's cultural self -confidence.

Organic peroxides are widely used chemical additives as polymerization initiators， polyester curing agents， crosslinking agents for polymer materials， and oxidants. The traditional synthesis process within batch reactor has low phase transfer rate， uncontrollable process parameters， large liquid hold-up， leading to low efficiency， poor quality， and high risk. Microreaction systems have unique advantages for peroxidation process due to their large specific surface area， enhanced mass and heat transfer rates， and high controllability. This article reviews the research progress on the synthesis of organic peroxides in microreactors in the past decadefrom the perspective of the general and specific challenges lying in the synthesis of organic peroxide acid， peroxyesters， alkyl hydroperoxide， and ketone peroxide. It introduces the commonly used reaction systems， operating parameters， and microreactor types for the synthesis of organic peroxides， discusses the important role and potential problems of microreactors in improving the controllability， efficiency， and safety in peroxidation reaction. Finally， the solutions and future development trends for the improvement of peroxidation in micro-scale are proposed.

The present study employed a chemical reduction method to synthesize gold nanoparticles （AuNPs） decorated on graphene oxide （GO） nanomaterials. The produced GO-AuNPs were characterized using advanced analytical techniques such as transmission electron microscopy， UV-visible spectrophotometry， and laser particle size analysis. Furthermore， the photothermal properties of GO-AuNPs were investigated using an infrared thermal imaging camera. Subsequently， the GO-AuNPs were utilized for the loading of an anti-cancer drug， doxorubicin hydrochloride （DOX）， to yield a nanodrug complex （GO-AuNP@DOX）. The loading and release of DOX were determined by fluorescence spectrophotometry， revealing that the DOX release was more favorable under weak acidic conditions. Moreover， it was observed that at pH=5.3， the release amount of DOX reached up to 30.51% under the irradiation of 808 nm laser. The cellular uptake ability of GO-AuNP@DOX by cancer cells was analyzed using confocal microscopy. The in vitro cytotoxicity of GO-AuNP@DOX against tumor cells was evaluated using a CCK-8 cell viability assay， demonstrating the excellent biocompatibility of the GO-AuNP carrier. Additionally， in vivo anti-tumor experiments conducted on tumor-bearing mice revealed that the combination of chemotherapy and photothermal therapy effectively suppressed tumor growth. These results indicate that the GO-AuNP nanodrug carrier possesses outstanding photothermal conversion ability and exceptional biocompatibility， while their pH/NIR dual drug release performance makes it a promising candidate for synergistic chemo-photothermal therapy of tumors.

“Instrumental Analysis” is an important foundational course offered for chemistry related majors such as chemistry， chemical engineering， medicine， environment， materials， and life sciences. It has a wide range of applications and strong interdisciplinary nature. Curriculum ideological and political education is an important measure to implement the fundamental task of cultivating morality and talents， inherit the red gene， and cultivate new talents of the times. “Instrumental Analysis” is an important carrier and medium of ideological and political education in the curriculum. Based on the teaching background of “Instrumental Analysis” and experimental courses， this article deepens the reform of course objectives， content， structure， and mode， and organically integrates ideological and political elements such as patriotism， cultural confidence， craftsmanship spirit， exploration and innovation， and ideal beliefs with the content of the Instrument Analysis course， strengthen the guiding role of teachers in ideological and political education in the curriculum， enhance the professional quality and moral cultivation of students， achieve the unity of knowledge transmission and value shaping， and provide reference and guidance for the implementation of ideological and political education in the curriculum.

Delafossite CuFeO₂ is widely used in the field of photocatalysis due to its narrow band gap and easy availability， while the photogenerated carriers are easy to compound due to its centrosymmetric layered structure， limiting its photocatalytic effect. In view of this， this paper focuses on another configuration of CuFeO₂， namely β-CuFeO₂， which is an intrinsic ferroelectric semiconductor with phase stability， narrow band gap， and strong polarization. We construct the ［011］ surface with alternating arrangement of photogenerated electron and hole generation sites， which promotes charges separation under the action of ferroelectric built-in electric field to enhance the photocatalytic performance. Based on first-principles calculations， this study identified β-CuFeO₂ as a direct bandgap semiconductor with thermodynamic stability， a C-type antiferromagnetism in the magnetic ground state， and the bandgap size of 1.37 eV， with a theoretical ferroelectric polarization intensity of 83.46 μC/cm²， which is a good photocatalyst carrier. Further， using the surface oxygen precipitation reaction （OER） as a model， unpolarized direction surfaces ［100］， ［010］ and polarized direction surfaces ［001］， ［011］ were constructed to investigate the effect of ferroelectric polarization on the OER. The results show that the surface Valance Band Maximum （VBM） redox potential of β-CuFeO₂ is mostly more than the water oxidation potential （1.23 eV） and the polarized surface is easier to form. In addition， the ［011］ surface with fully exposed Cu-O atoms and alternating layers of Cu， Fe atoms in the polarization direction is the most susceptible to adsorption of water molecules and has the optimal OER catalytic activity. The electronic structure analysis of the rate-determining step for the OER on the ［011］ surface reveals that there are two electron pockets on the ^*O intermediate， and one electron pocket is consumed after the reaction to produce ^*OOH. This is the intrinsic mechanism of the OER rate-determining step on the polarization direction ［011］ surface. β?-CuFeO₂ ferroelectric semiconductor was constructed in this work and its basic properties were calculated by theoretical simulations， and different directions of surfaces were constructed to study the effect of ferroelectric polarization on the photocatalytic OER activity， which will provide a new perspective for the design of ferroelectric photocatalysts.

Chemically amplified photoresists （CARs） are widely used in photolithography due to their excellent performance in resolution and sensitivity. This paper reports a CAR （SP8-PAG_AN） based on molecule glass of SP8-Boc and photo-acid generator of N-hydroxytrifluoromethylsulfonate anthracene-1，9-dicarboxyimide. The SP8-PAG_AN photoresist can be used for both 365 nm lithography and electron beam lithography （EBL）. The quantum efficiency of acid generation （ \Phi _H+） for the PAG_AN is 23% under 365 nm excitation. 1 μm positive and negative lithographic patterns can be achieved with SP8-PAG_AN photoresist by 365 nm lithography using tetramethylammonium hydroxide （TMAH， 2.38%） aqueous and n-hexane as developers， respectively. A positive 50 nm Line/Space （L/S） dense line pattern （dose 110 μC/cm²）， a 32 nm L/S negative dense line pattern （dose 40 μC/cm²）， and a 19 nm L/3S negative semi-dense line pattern （dose 96 μC/cm²） were achieved by EBL. This study provides a new example of a dual-tone CAR for multi-purpose lithography.

The Linde type A （LTA） zeolite is one of the earliest zeolites synthesized artificially. Currently， industrial LTA zeolite typically exhibits a relatively low Si/Al ratio. While it is widely used in adsorption and separation processes， its limited acid catalytic activity and hydrothermal stability hinder its potential for further applications. High-silica LTA zeolites demonstrate enhanced thermal/hydrothermal stability compared to their low-silica counterparts， exhibiting unique application potential in adsorption， separation and catalysis. This paper presents a review of the synthesis systems of high-silica LTA zeolites since 1966， with a focus on developments in the past two decades including inorganic and organic systems. It describes the synthesis mechanisms and evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of various synthesis methods with respect to the different synthesis systems and the Si/Al ratios. Additionally， the advancement of research and applications of high-silica LTA zeolites in adsorption， separation and catalysis are discussed. The future development and application prospects of LTA zeolite are envisioned， and it is highlighted that further research will focus on understanding the crystallization mechanism， developing simple synthetic systems and cost-effective structure-directing agents for high-silica LTA zeolites.

The stress-strain behavior of rubber compounds is one of the key items to determine its application performance， and the different service conditions， especially the strain rate， have variable requirements for the performance of rubber compounds. The influence of tension strain rate on the stress-strain behavior of styrene butadiene rubber （SBR） vulcanizates filled with 3 kinds of carbon black was investigated from the point of view of rubber reinforcement. It was found that the stress at a given elongation of any SBR vulcanizate increases with increasing strain rate， and the more reinforcing the carbon black， the higher increment rate the stresses. For any given SBR vulcanizate， the stress increment rate decreases with the increase in strain. As the strain exceeds the critical points， such as 300%， the effect of strain rate on the rate of stress increase is becoming equivalent and independent of carbon black grades. From a filler reinforcement point of view， the tensile modulus of filled vulcanizates in the plateau region is governed by the surface activity of the carbon black. In quasi-static tension test， the networking of carbon black in vulcanizate will be gradually broken with increasing strain， which the break-up is predominantly controlled by strain rather than strain rate.

Phospholipase C （PLC） is an important lipid hydrolase in plants and animals， which plays an important role in the metabolism， growth， inflammation， differentiation， senescence， and apoptosis of mammalian cells， and is significantly associated with the onset and progression of many cancers. Protein-catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization （PATRP） is an effective method of designing and preparing macromolecules， and it can be used to link hundreds of monomers by a chain reaction to form a high-molecular-mass polymer， so that the molecular recognition signals are amplified hundreds of times. In this experiment， gold nanoparticles （Au NPs） were first deposited on the surface of flexible carbon cloth （CC） electrode， and then the PLC-specific substrate phosphatidylethanolamine （PE） was immobilized to the electrode by 3-mercaptopropionic acid， carbodiimide hydrochloride and n-hydroxysuccinimide. After the phosphoric acid group was produced by the specific hydrolysis of PE by PLC， and Zr⁴⁺ was introduced， the polymerization initiator α-bromophenylacetic acid was modified to the electrode surface by the coordination of Zr⁴⁺. Finally， PATRP of 2，2，6，6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy （TEMPO） was carried out， and electroactive polymers chains were introduced to the electrode surface. Thus a signal amplification electrochemical sensor ［P（TEMPO）/PE/Au NPs/CC］ was fabricated to detect PLC with high sensitivity. The results show that the sensor detected PLC with a linear range of 10~1×10⁵ mU/L and a detection limit of 3.568 mU/L （S/N=3）. Compared with other methods for the detection of PLC， the sensor has a wider detection range and lower detection limit， and it has a huge practical application potential in detecting PLC in real breast cancer cells.

Heterogeneity is a fundamental characteristic of oil and gas reservoirs. The key measure improving the acidizing effect of heterogeneous reservoirs is diversion methods， which diverting agents are used to plug the high permeability layer and promote acid acting on the low permeability layer. In order to solve the problems of uncontrollable gelation time and serious damage of synthetic polymer diverting agents. A novel diverting agent SAXG with high strength and biodegradability was formed through semi-interpenetration using biomaterials sodium alginate （SA） and xanthan gum （XG）. The optimal mass percentage of the system was optimized to 0.7% SA+0.3% XG with the goal of deformation and gelation time. The rheological properties and delayed gelation characteristics of this diverting agent were tested by rheometer； The degradability of the system was described with the content of residue； The difference between SAXG semi-interpenetrating network and SA gel was confirmed through scanning electron microscope（SEM）； Finally， the core flow experiment was used to verify the divert acidizing effect of SAXG. The results showed that the gelation time range of SAXG is 14 to 456 min； The SAXG can be completely degraded in saline and acid solutions； The permeability of the core after diversion acidizing increased by 2.85 times compared to conventional acidification； The recovery rate of core permeability after degradation reached 98.6%. The SAXG can effectively promote the diversion of acid solution， thereby improving the effectiveness of acid stimulation.

Eutrophication of lakes has become one of the environmental health issues of widespread concern， among which endogenous ammonia nitrogen pollution is the key to control eutrophication. Granular natural volcanic rocks are often used for the adsorption treatment of endogenous nitrogen and ammonia wastewater， but the adsorption removal effect is not ideal. Therefore， volcanic rock that is conducive to dehydration and separation treatment is selected as the basic material， and two solutions， HCl and NaOH， are used to chemically modify volcanic rock to improve its adsorption performance and effectively remove ammonia nitrogen from water. Test the ammonia nitrogen adsorption effect of modified volcanic rocks from two aspects： characterization and experimental testing. The characterization observation results show that the modified volcanic rock surface forms more adsorption sites and more complex pore structures， which increases the specific surface area and the number of active sites of volcanic rock， thereby improving its adsorption capacity for ammonia nitrogen in solution. Experimental tests were conducted on the effects of modified volcanic stone adsorption capacity， adsorption isotherms， initial solution pH， and dosage on adsorption performance. The experimental test results show that the process of modified volcanic rock adsorbent adsorbing ammonia nitrogen pollutants in water after fitting belongs to quasi second order adsorption； And the maximum adsorption capacity of modified volcanic rock is 2.29 times that of natural volcanic rock， indicating that modified volcanic rock has a good adsorption capacity for ammonia nitrogen pollutants and can effectively remove ammonia nitrogen pollution from water.

Nitrogen doped fluorescent carbon dots （N-CDs） with high quantum yield （QY=87.76%） were synthesized by solvothermal method using diphenylamino-4-benzaldehyde and o-phenylenediamine as raw materials and ethanol as solvent. The optical properties of N-CDs in organic solvents and aqueous solutions were investigated， indicating that N-CDs have good solvent dependence and chemical stability. The addition of water constructed a hydrogen bonding grid in N-CDs， thereby achieving a redshift in emission wavelength， and the N-CDs solution changes from blue to yellow. Furthermore， based on the reversible color change from blue to yellow of N-CDs fluorescent test strips， a portable air humidity visualization detection test strip was prepared. In addition， N-CDs can also be used for fluorescent ink， writing paper， and fluorescent flexible films， which expanding their applications in information transmission， advanced anti-counterfeiting encryption， and solid-state fluorescence.

Based on desulfurized gypsum， the waterproof agent developed by modifying polyvinyl alcohol （PVA） catalyzed by liquid alkali activated Polymethyl hydrogen siloxane （PMHS） cooperated with portland cement to develop high-strength waterproof gypsum. The effects of modified PVA waterproofing agent and portland cement on the surface water absorption， mechanical properties and softening coefficient of desulfurization gypsum standard test block were investigated. The connection form of strong waterproof gypsum developed by modified hydrophobic agent and portland cement independently and cooperatively was determined by infrared spectrum. The influence of different additives on the thermal stability of gypsum was analyzed by thermogravimetry. The research shows that the best ratio of modified PVA waterproof agent and portland cement to produce high-strength waterproof gypsum is： waterproof agent 120 g and portland cement 150 g. At this time， the surface water absorption rate is 9.35%， the absolute dry compressive strength is 22.54 MPa， and the softening coefficient is 67.57%. At the same time， the thermal stability of gypsum board is effectively improved.

Traditional sunscreens， especially organic ultraviolet （UV） absorbers such as benzophenone， have strong photoactivity and skin permeability， which may cause some human injuries and even cancer. Therefore， it is of great practical significance to develop efficient and safe new sunscreen. With anhydrous zinc acetate （Zn（Ac）₂）， titanium tetrachloride （TiCl₄） and dopamine hydrochloride as raw materials and ethanol/water solution as solvent， polydopamine （PDA） coated Zn-Ti layered double hydroxide （P@ZTL） compounded particles were synthesized through a hydrothermal method. Afterwards， sunscreen samples were prepared with them as the only UV-blocking component. The chemical structure， composition and micro-morphology， along withUV absorbance， free radical scavenging and cytotoxicity performance of P@ZTL were studied. Indispensably， the UV-blocking properties of the sunscreen samples were tested. The results showed that the structure of P@ZTL was 1~5 μm PDA coated ZTL compounded particles， with a specific surface area of 145.916 m²/g. The particles had a typical mesoporous structure with a porosity of 0.154 cm³/g. The compounded particles had great UV absorption and reactive oxygen species （ROS） scavenging abilities， along with no cytotoxicity. The sunscreen with P@ZTL had excellent UV protecting performance， which could preserve fibroblasts from direct UV irradiation. The sun protection index （SPF） values of sunscreen samples added with 10% and 15% P@ZTL reached 47.3±2.3 and 75.1±3.1， respectively， which could fully meet the daily use. Therefore， the synthesized P@ZTL sunscreen has a great application prospect in cosmetics.

A series of side-chain derived quaternary ammonium （QA） N-chloramines （10-14） were designed and synthesized using commercial 5，5-dimethylhydantoin （DMH） as raw matesial， and the structures of precursors and corresponding N-chloramines were characterized. The antibacterial activity of chloramines 10-14 was preliminarily tested using Escherichia coli （E.coli） and Staphylococcus aureus （S.aureus） as model strains， and N-chloramine 1 as control. The results showed that antibacterial ability of 10-13 increased and then declined with the length of side chain increased. Namely， tributyl QA N-chloramine 12 with KL of 1.07±0.09 and 6.49 against S.aureus and E.coli， exhibited relatively higher antibacterial efficacy， possibly due to the preferable hydrophilic-lipophilic characteristic required for efficient contact killing. Furthermore， hydroxyethyl counterpart 14 achieved total killing of S.aureus and E.coli， demonstrating the towering antibacterial capability among N-chloramines 10-14， which may be attributed to its facile transportation across bacterial cell membrane. The series of efficacious N-chloramine disinfectants prepared in this work provide reference for the development of more efficient ionic N-chloramine antibacterial agents.

In order to achieve higher degradation efficiency， it is indispensable to use photocatalysts in the field of wastewater treatment. Researching and preparing bismuth-modified TiO₂ photocatalysts （Bi-TiO₂ photocatalysts） and analyzing their photocatalytic performance are essential. Bismuth-based material and TiO₂ solution were separately prepared， and by mixing the two substances， the bismuth-modified TiO₂ photocatalyst was obtained. Using methyl orange as the test model solution， the catalytic performance of this photocatalyst at different ratios of bismuth-based material to TiO₂， different temperature conditions， light conditions， and photocatalytic durations was tested to verify the impact of methyl orange solution concentration and pH value on the photocatalytic effect. Experimental results showed that when the mass ratio of bismuth-based material to TiO₂ was 1∶1， the photocatalyst exhibited the best degradation and decolorization effects， demonstrating excellent photocatalytic performance. The Bi-TiO₂ photocatalyst exhibited varying degrees of methyl orange degradation ability， with the degradation rate initially increasing and then decreasing with the change in the ratio of bismuth-based material to TiO₂. The optimal photocatalytic performance of this catalyst was observed at a temperature of 45 ℃ and under 15 h of light exposure. When the temperature exceeded 120 ℃， the photocatalytic effect of the catalyst tended to stabilize. The photocatalytic performance was more ideal at a methyl orange mass concentration of 20 mg/L and a pH value of 4. Environmental concentration had minimal impact on the photocatalytic performance of the Bi-TiO₂ photocatalyst. Regardless of the variation in methyl orange mass concentration， the catalyst exhibited strong photocatalytic effects， with the best decolorization effect observed at a methyl orange mass concentration of 20 mg/L. The catalyst showed the highest methyl orange decolorization rate at a pH value of 4. Therefore， it is evident that the introduction of bismuth significantly enhances the photocatalytic performance and visible light responsiveness of TiO₂.

10-（4- hydroxyphenyl）-5， 15-bis（pentafluorophenyl） corrole （1） and its metal gallium complex （1-Ga） were prepared， and the photodynamic activity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells was studied by molecular biotechnology. The results indicated that the phototoxicity of corroles depended largely on the central metal， and gallium could enhance the photodynamic activities. In liver cancer cells， 1-Ga triggered the significant production of reactive oxygen species （ROS） and the change of mitochondrial membrane potential under light irradiation， which eventually led to cancer cell necrosis and apoptosis. The half inhibitory concentration of 1-Ga on the photodynamic activity of human hepatoma cells （MHCC97H） and human hepatoma cells （HepG2） is between 2~4 μmol/L， while the concentration of 1 is greater than 4 μmol/L. These corroles showed high biocompatibility and photodynamic anticancer efficiency， which were obvious in mouse cancer model. Compared with the control group， the mass of tumor tissue in the treatment group decreased by more than 70%. And the mechanism may be related to the influence of ROS production on mitochondrial function. It is worth mentioning that the photodynamic activity of 1-Ga is obviously better than that of 1， which may be related to the photodynamic production of more ROS by gallium corrole.

With the goal of developing high-performance ablative polymer materials， the first step was to synthesize amino-containing bisphenol monomers. The amino-containing bisphenol monomers were then subjected to S_N2 nucleophilic condensation with 2，7-dihydroxy-9-fluorenone （BHF） and 4，4'-difluorobenzophenone， resulting in a novel side amino-containing crosslinkable poly（aryl ether ketone）. Further， high-performance thermosetting poly（aryl ether ketone） resin （PEK-BAD-G） was prepared through high-temperature self-crosslinking using thermal crosslinking. The thermal stability， thermal mechanical properties， and ablative performance of the material were investigated through the use of thermogravimetric analysis （TGA）， differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）， dynamic mechanical analysis （DMA）， and an oxygen-acetylene ablation tester. The polymer properties were regulated by adjusting the copolymer monomer ratio. It was observed that the addition of BHF could enhance the overall performance of the thermosetting resin. However， when the content of BHF exceeded 50%， it precipitated during the reaction， making it challenging to obtain high relative molecular mass polymers. The results indicate that when the BHF content is 50%， the ablative resistance， thermal oxidation stability， and high-temperature mechanical properties of the thermosetting poly（aryl ether ketone） reach their optimum levels. In the nitrogen environment， the thermal decomposition temperation reached 548 ℃， the char yield were as high as 87.5% and 77.7% at 600 ℃ and 800 ℃， respectively. In addition， even under air environment， the char yield was still 85.4% even at 600 ℃. The DMA results showed that the storage modulus remained above 1.9 GPa at 400 ℃， indicating the outstanding thermomechanical properties. This study offers a new choice for ablative resin matrices. It expands the application range of poly（aryl ether ketone） materials.

This study focuses on the teaching of electron transport layer materials within the Traditional Energy and New Energy curriculum， using perovskite solar cells as a starting point. It integrates the cutting-edge research on chemical bath deposition （CBD） of tin oxide （SnO₂） electron transport layers into teaching practice. The study employs scanning electron microscopy （SEM）， X-ray diffraction （XRD） and photoluminescence spectroscopy （PL） to characterize the SnO₂ thin films prepared by CBD. It then applies these films to fabricate perovskite solar cells， evaluating their impact on device performance. The results show that compared to SnO₂ thin films prepared by the traditional spin-coating method， those prepared by CBD are more uniform and denser， exhibit better crystallinity and higher electron extraction capability， ultimately achieving higher device efficiency. This research constructs a “Theory-Practice-Inquiry-Innovation” teaching model. By designing a teaching experiment on CBD of SnO₂ electron transport layers， it effectively enhances students' learning interest， deepens their understanding of theoretical knowledge and stimulates their enthusiasm for exploring the field of new energy. This research provides a new approach for experimental teaching reform in universities and holds significant importance for cultivating new energy talents with practical skills and an innovative spirit.

Silk fibroins have excellent mechanical properties due to their special structure. A variety of diamino chain extenders containing Gly-Ala-Gly-Ala （GAGA） sequence peptides and a series of modified polyurethanes were prepared. The addition of the tetrapeptide-like structure to the backbone improved the ratio of hydrogen bonds of the modified polyurethane， which resulted in a significant increase in mechanical properties with the strain at break increasing from 29.3 to 50.9 MPa. Besides， the shape memory performance of modified polyurethane was also improved with the deformation retention increasing from 74.3% to 100%. Notably， tetrapeptide content positively correlated with the mechanical property and shape memory performance improvements. Additionally， modified polyurethane containing tetrapeptide-like chain extender also had excellent recyclability， thermal stability and hydrolysis stability under physiological conditions， which can be used in various fields and recycled multiple times.

The use of antibacterial packaging materials is an effective way to delay fruit rotting and spoilage， thereby minimizing economic losses and health hazards. Natural antibacterial agents， especially essential oils， are often selected as antibacterial components in antibacterial packaging materials， due to their excellent antibacterial properties. However， their low water solubility， poor stability， and easy volatility result in materials containing them having poor mechanical properties and short antibacterial efficacy time. Therefore， in this work， the citral loaded Pickering emulsion was prepared using chitosan and self-made carboxymethyl glucan self-assembled nanoparticles as emulsifier. Then， composite films with good transparency， excellent mechanical properties and long-term antibacterial properties for fruits packaging were prepared from chitosan （CS）， carboxymethyl-glucan （CMG）， poly（vinyl alcohol） （PVA）， and Pickering emulsion （PE） by solvent casting strategy. Pickering emulsion has a protective effect on citral， which not only improves the compatibility of citral in composite film substrate， but also extends the antibacterial time of packaging materials. In this experiment， the transparency of the antibacterial composite film containing Pickering emulsion （CS-CMG-PVA-PE1） was 84%， the tensile strength was 32 MPa， and the elongation at break was 130%. More importantly， the composite polymer solution can be dipped directly on fruits as a coating for food storage to improve food shelf life， substantially expanding its ease of use and scope of use.

The ordered mesostructures formed by block copolymers on the nanoscale via the self-assembly have attracted a lot of attention of high-performance material science due to its important， potential applications， especially the single gyroid network， single diamond network， and the single plumber′s nightmare （SPN） network. These three networks are very important in the fields of three-dimensional photonic crystals. Whereas single gyroid and single diamond have been stabilized in block copolymers by adjusting the chain architectures， blending， and using multicomponent systems， so far， no effective way has been found to stabilize the SPN network. Considering such situations， by designing B₁A₁B₂A₂C₃B₃， B₁A₁B₂A₂C₃， B₁A₁C₂B₂A₂C₃， B₁A₁C₂A₂C₃， and B₁C₁A₁C₂A₂C₃ multiblock copolymers and based on the simple cubic spheres to generate the unstable states via the rapid-component change of blocks， C， from B to A， the nonequilibrium kinetics of structural evolution starting from these unstable states and the corresponding mechanism as well as the effects from the number， position， and size of blocks， C， are explored. The exploration indicates that the metastable SPN network can be reached by the nonequilibrium kinetics of structural evolution after the rapid-component change of blocks， C， within a relatively wide range of volume-fraction A， which is mainly because that the symmetry of simple cubic spheres is the same as that of SPN （No.221 space group）.

Sorghum polyphenols， as a natural active ingredient， have many potential health benefits. Through microcapsule embedding technology， the stability and efficacy of sorghum polyphenols can be improved. The study targets sorghum polyphenols as the active ingredient， uses sodium alginate solution to prepare sorghum polyphenol microcapsules， and conducts single factor orthogonal experiments， thermogravimetric analysis， and determination of sorghum polyphenol release rate. Through single factor investigation and orthogonal test combination， it is found that when the mass fraction of calcium chloride is 2.5%， the mass fraction of sodium alginate is 2.25%， the mass fraction of sorghum polyphenols is 0.3%， the embedding time is 0.5 h， and the mass fraction of chitosan is 1.5%， the embedding rate of microcapsules could reach 87.19%. The results show that polyphenols are the most important factor affecting the embedding rate， followed by chitosan， while sodium alginate， calcium chloride， and embedding time has relatively small effect. The microcapsules prepared under the optimal combination conditions have a tighter embedding structure and good embedding effect. The release time of microcapsules in intestinal fluid is shorter and more efficient than in gastric fluid， with a maximum release rate of 83.16%. This rapid release can effectively prevent changes in sorghum polyphenols during the release process in the body and improve the utilization rate of active substances by the human body. The microencapsulation of sorghum polyphenols can provide scientific basis for the deep processing and subsequent property research of sorghum.

Linear and nonlinear rheological properties were examined for unentangled polystyrene （PS）， poly（p-tert butyl styrene） （PtBS）， and their copolymer samples. All samples exhibited similar linear viscoelastic behavior， which was well predicted by the Rouse model owing to their similar average number of Kuhn segments per chain （about 30）. Under the fast uniaxial elongational flow （with Weissenberg number Wi＞1）， the sample exhibited “thickening” followed by “thinning” with increasing the elongational rate. This transition was attributable to the reduction of friction coefficient owing to the chains' coalignment along the elongational direction. Under the condition that the samples have a similar maximum stretch ratio λ_max= \sqrt[]{n_{\mathrm{K}}} （≈6）， the characteristic Wi for this transition increased with the content of tBS， reflecting that the tert-butyl groups may serve as the solvent to weaken the frictional reduction.

As a teaching mode emphasizing knowledge logic， the problem chain teaching is suitable for chemistry courses with strong theoretical and systematic nature. It encourages students to cultivate their critical thinking and problem-solving abilities through independent exploration and discussion， thereby enhancing their interest in chemistry learning. Taking teachers and students of chemistry majors in a certain vocational college as the research objects， based on clarifying the theories of constructivism， problem-based teaching， and zone of proximal development， this study investigates the current application status of the problem chain teaching mode in vocational chemistry teaching through literature review and questionnaire survey， and proposes corresponding chemistry teaching suggestions to enrich the theoretical research on the problem chain teaching method in existing vocational chemistry disciplines and promote the application of the problem chain teaching mode in vocational chemistry classrooms. Through the presentation and resolution of teaching problems， students' traditional learning methods will change accordingly， their thinking level will improve， and the good relationship between teachers and students will be further maintained， while promoting the interaction and communication between both parties.

In order to effectively protect personnel and equipment from radiation hazards and expand the application range of materials， the preparation and radiation shielding mechanism of lead boron polyethylene composite materials are studied. Preprocess and modify boron containing compounds， mix them with lead sand and polyethylene to prepare lead boron polyethylene composite materials. Select Cs radiation source and use Monte Carlo neutron photon transport program as the simulation program to verify the shielding mechanism. Construct a composite material model and Cs radiation source model， calculate the neutron shielding coefficient， consider the density and thickness of the composite material， and simulate the shielding performance of radiated X-rays under different radiation energies. The experimental results show that when the neutron coefficient decreases， increasing the density of the prepared composite material leads to an increase in the shielding thermal neutron coefficient； When the density of the composite material is 5.9 g/cm³ and the thickness is 4.5 cm， it can meet the requirements of radiation shielding mechanism.

The RuO₂/TiO₂ composite catalyst was prepared by wet immersion method combined with heat treatment process， and its structure was characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. Analyze the photocatalytic effect of the composite catalyst under different conditions such as the amount of RuO₂ solution， light intensity， pH of methyl orange solution， and ventilation rate. The results showed that the doping of RuO₂ did not significantly change the crystal plane structure of TiO₂. As the mass fraction of RuO₂ increased， the sample particle size first increased and then decreased， reaching an ideal equilibrium point at a 0.15% addition amount. When the amount of RuO₂ solution is 0.15% mass fraction and the light intensity is 4.23 mW/cm²， the degradation rate of methyl orange reaches 65%， indicating a high photocatalytic effect. When the methyl orange solution is acidic， a more ideal photocatalytic effect can be achieved. When preparing the composite catalyst， the photocatalytic effect is better when the calcination temperature is 550 ℃. However， ventilation is not the key factor affecting the photocatalytic effect. It aims to provide valuable references for the preparation and application of RuO₂/TiO₂ composite catalysts.

Biomass activated carbon （CP） was prepared from Ningxia Wolfberry stalk by high temperature carbonization method with H₃PO₄ as activator， and the surface modification was carried out by EDTA-2Na to obtain nitrogen-doped activated carbon （CPE）. X-ray diffraction （XRD）， X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）， Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR） and scanning electronic microscopy （SEM） were used to study the surface morphology and chemical structure of EDTA-2Na， to elucidate the modification mechanism of EDTA-2Na and the adsorption mechanism of methylene blue on CPE. The results showed that doping EDTA-2Na can effectively regulate the pore structure and functional groups of biochar， and significantly improve the specific surface area， pore structure and active adsorption site of biochar. The parameters of CPE （specific surface area （816.47 m²/g）， total pore volume （0.4925 cm³/g） and average pore size （2.41 nm） of biochar modified by EDTA-2Na were significantly better than those of CP （241.45 m²/g） and total pore volume （0.1280 cm³/g） and average pore size （2.12 nm）， and stable amino （—NH—， —NH₂—） and pyrrole structure nitrogen were formed on the surface， which constituted the active surface biomass carbon material CPE with good adsorption effect on methylene blue. Under normal temperature and neutral conditions， the maximum adsorption capacity of CPE for MB was 658.8 mg/g， which increased the adsorption rate by 83.92% compared with that of biological carbon CP （adsorption capacity 358.2 mg/g） without N doping. The isothermal adsorption process of CPE for MB was consistent with Langmuir model （R²=0.9896）， and the adsorption kinetics was consistent with quasi-second-order kinetic model （R²=0.99997）. The adsorption process was mainly monolayer chemisorption. It has good recycling performance.

Introduction of meta-aramid units into poly（p-phenylene terephthalamide） （PPTA） allows regulation of its crystallization and processing properties， therefore， quantitation of the meta units in PPTA is of practical importance. In this paper， blends of PPTA with poly（m-phenylene isophthalamide） （PMIA） were prepared and analyzed by infrared and Raman spectroscopies. In the infrared spectra， it was found that the absorption band at 659 cm^-1 attributed to C—H in-plane wagging vibration of the m-disubstituted benzene ring can be utilized for quantitative analysis of PMIA， the intensity of which exhibited good linear relationship with PMIA content， allowing detection of meta units of 2.0%（mass percent） and above. In the Raman spectra of the blends， the breathing vibration of the meta-disubstituted benzene ring at 1002 cm^-1 characteristic of PMIA was found to exhibit an intensity proportional to its content with excellent linear correlation， which enabled detection of meta units of a low content of 0.25%（mass percent）. In conclusion， the Raman method is more accurate with a lower detection limit， and therefore is superior to the IR method for quantitation of meta units in para-aramids.