Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry ›› 2023, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (11): 1504-1517.DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.230071
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Shu-Min CHEN1,2, Zi-Quan LYU2, Xuan ZOU2, Shui-Qing GUI3, Xue-Mei LU1,2(
)
Received:2023-03-22
Accepted:2023-10-08
Published:2023-11-01
Online:2023-12-01
Contact:
Xue-Mei LU
About author:luxuemei605@163.comSupported by:CLC Number:
Shu-Min CHEN, Zi-Quan LYU, Xuan ZOU, Shui-Qing GUI, Xue-Mei LU. Research Progress of Functional Masks Amid the Normalization of the COVID-19 Pandemic[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2023, 40(11): 1504-1517.
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URL: http://yyhx.ciac.jl.cn/EN/10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.230071
Fig.1 Illustration of conventional face mask with an SMS filter［5］
| Mask type | Fabric type and structure | Filtration rate | Advantages | Disadvantages | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cloth mask | Composed of cotton， woven， felted， knitted and other household fabrics | Filtration efficiency depends on the type and structure of the fabric and the number of fabric layers used in the mask | Washable and multi-use | Less efficient virus filtering | ［ |
| Surgical mask | Composed of 3 layers， the outer layer is mostly made of hydrophobic spunbond nonwoven， the middle layer is electret polypropylene meltblown fabric， and the inner layer is mostly made of hydrophilic nonwoven | Particle filtration efficiency ≥30%， bacteria filtration efficiency ≥95% | Achieves high particle and bacteria filtration efficiency while having low ventilation resistance | Most masks are disposable in design and use polypropylene for the filter layer， which is a thermoplastic and does not easily degrade | ［ ［ |
| Filtering face piece respirators | Electret filters with charged layers capable of capturing microaerosol droplets， virus particles and various microorganisms larger than 100 nm in size | The filtering ability is very strong， in some cases can even filter particles as small as 20 nm mask， particle filtration efficiency ≥95% | Can meet the requirements of blocking blood， body fluids and other splashes， with surface resistance to moisture | Can limit inhalation of Corona Virus Disease 2019 but they do not inactivate the virus， and they can be a potential source of infection and contamination | ［ |
Table 1 Common masks on the market and their advantages and disadvantages
| Mask type | Fabric type and structure | Filtration rate | Advantages | Disadvantages | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cloth mask | Composed of cotton， woven， felted， knitted and other household fabrics | Filtration efficiency depends on the type and structure of the fabric and the number of fabric layers used in the mask | Washable and multi-use | Less efficient virus filtering | ［ |
| Surgical mask | Composed of 3 layers， the outer layer is mostly made of hydrophobic spunbond nonwoven， the middle layer is electret polypropylene meltblown fabric， and the inner layer is mostly made of hydrophilic nonwoven | Particle filtration efficiency ≥30%， bacteria filtration efficiency ≥95% | Achieves high particle and bacteria filtration efficiency while having low ventilation resistance | Most masks are disposable in design and use polypropylene for the filter layer， which is a thermoplastic and does not easily degrade | ［ ［ |
| Filtering face piece respirators | Electret filters with charged layers capable of capturing microaerosol droplets， virus particles and various microorganisms larger than 100 nm in size | The filtering ability is very strong， in some cases can even filter particles as small as 20 nm mask， particle filtration efficiency ≥95% | Can meet the requirements of blocking blood， body fluids and other splashes， with surface resistance to moisture | Can limit inhalation of Corona Virus Disease 2019 but they do not inactivate the virus， and they can be a potential source of infection and contamination | ［ |
| Classification of antibacterial and antiviral masks | Common materials | Antibacterial and antiviral mechanism | Advantages | Disadvantages | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metal-based antibacterial and antiviral masks | Silver nanoparticles， copper nanoparticles， zinc nanoparticles， gold nanoparticles， other metal nanoparticles such as， gallium， tin oxide and iron oxide， TiO2， etc | 1. Nanoparticles attach themselves to viruses， which in turn destroy viruses attached to potential host cells 2. When metal nanoparticles come into contact with bacteria or viruses， they can achieve inactivation of bacteria and viruses by stimulating the production of reactive oxygen species 3. When bacteria or viruses come into contact with metal nanoparticle clusters， the metal nanoparticles adhere to the membrane walls of microorganisms， causing denaturation and inactivation of specific proteins on the surface of the bacteria or viruses， which in turn leads to apoptosis 4. Indirectly destroying the virus by mimicking the nucleus to activate the immune response of the infected cells and inhibit the spread of the virus | Metals and salts in the nano state are strong antibacterial agents that increase the anti-viral effect of the masks | Some metal nanoparticles are expensive， such as gold and silver. These metal-based particles are embedded in masks by infiltration spray embedding， etc. and are easily detached， and certain types of metal ions， such as Cu（Ⅱ） and Zn（Ⅱ）， are cytotoxic | ［ |
| Carbon-based antibacterial and antiviral masks | Carbon dots， carbon nanotubes， graphene oxide | Various mechanisms of antibacterial and antiviral activity of these nanomaterials， including physical/mechanical damage， photocatalytic effects， oxidative stress， lipid extraction， encapsulation isolation， and synergistic effects when combined with other antimicrobial materials | The material is inexpensive， has excellent superhydrophobicity， is self-cleaning， and has photothermal properties | Photothermal performance cannot be controlled or adjusted by the user； there is a risk of inhalation by the mask wearer， leading to lung infection | ［ |
| Bio-based antibacterial and antiviral masks | Sugar， peptides， herbal extracts | Polysaccharides： interact with viral capsid proteins to directly block virus entry； inhibit the production of new viral particles in host cells Peptides： peptides can interact with viruses or host cells to block viral attachment and kill viruses by disrupting their envelope. Interacts with viral polymerase complex or stimulates immune response to inhibit viral replication Herbal extracts： kill microorganisms by disrupting cell membrane function and inhibiting DNA cyclase | It has low toxicity， high antimicrobial activity， mild environmental impact and low cost | The performance of the mask depends on the bacterial filtration and particulate filtration capabilities | ［ |
Table 2 Comparison of antibacterial and antiviral masks and their commonly used materials
| Classification of antibacterial and antiviral masks | Common materials | Antibacterial and antiviral mechanism | Advantages | Disadvantages | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metal-based antibacterial and antiviral masks | Silver nanoparticles， copper nanoparticles， zinc nanoparticles， gold nanoparticles， other metal nanoparticles such as， gallium， tin oxide and iron oxide， TiO2， etc | 1. Nanoparticles attach themselves to viruses， which in turn destroy viruses attached to potential host cells 2. When metal nanoparticles come into contact with bacteria or viruses， they can achieve inactivation of bacteria and viruses by stimulating the production of reactive oxygen species 3. When bacteria or viruses come into contact with metal nanoparticle clusters， the metal nanoparticles adhere to the membrane walls of microorganisms， causing denaturation and inactivation of specific proteins on the surface of the bacteria or viruses， which in turn leads to apoptosis 4. Indirectly destroying the virus by mimicking the nucleus to activate the immune response of the infected cells and inhibit the spread of the virus | Metals and salts in the nano state are strong antibacterial agents that increase the anti-viral effect of the masks | Some metal nanoparticles are expensive， such as gold and silver. These metal-based particles are embedded in masks by infiltration spray embedding， etc. and are easily detached， and certain types of metal ions， such as Cu（Ⅱ） and Zn（Ⅱ）， are cytotoxic | ［ |
| Carbon-based antibacterial and antiviral masks | Carbon dots， carbon nanotubes， graphene oxide | Various mechanisms of antibacterial and antiviral activity of these nanomaterials， including physical/mechanical damage， photocatalytic effects， oxidative stress， lipid extraction， encapsulation isolation， and synergistic effects when combined with other antimicrobial materials | The material is inexpensive， has excellent superhydrophobicity， is self-cleaning， and has photothermal properties | Photothermal performance cannot be controlled or adjusted by the user； there is a risk of inhalation by the mask wearer， leading to lung infection | ［ |
| Bio-based antibacterial and antiviral masks | Sugar， peptides， herbal extracts | Polysaccharides： interact with viral capsid proteins to directly block virus entry； inhibit the production of new viral particles in host cells Peptides： peptides can interact with viruses or host cells to block viral attachment and kill viruses by disrupting their envelope. Interacts with viral polymerase complex or stimulates immune response to inhibit viral replication Herbal extracts： kill microorganisms by disrupting cell membrane function and inhibiting DNA cyclase | It has low toxicity， high antimicrobial activity， mild environmental impact and low cost | The performance of the mask depends on the bacterial filtration and particulate filtration capabilities | ［ |
Fig.3 Photopowered self-cleaning mask： （A） Schematic illustration of the inactivation of the virus in respiratory droplets through photothermal， photocatalytic， and hydrophobic self-cleaning processes after solar irradiation［45］； （B） Schematic diagram of the preparation of various personal protective devices （left） and the principle of against coronavirus upon ultralow-power light irradiation （right）［50］； （C） Photosensitized electrospun nanofibrous filters for capturing and killing airborne coronaviruses under visible light irradiation［51］
Fig.4 Self-cleaning mask based on the photothermal effect： （A） The photothermal antiviral effect against SARS-CoV-2［5］；（B） Reusable MOS2 modified photothermal disinfection antibacterial fabric［55］
Fig.5 （A） Schematic illustration of SARS-CoV-2 detection from respiratory breath aerosols using the Au-TiO2 SERS chip on a face mask［67］； （B） Field-effect transistor of high-purity semiconductor single-wall carbon nanotubes for assessing the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antigen in clinical nasopharyngeal samples Schematic diagram［69］
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