Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry ›› 2023, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (11): 1475-1493.DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.230185
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Jun-Rong WANG1,2, Qian-Qian SUN2, Guo-Qing ZHU2, Yan-Rong QIAN2, Chun-Xia LI1,2()
Received:
2023-06-29
Accepted:
2023-10-17
Published:
2023-11-01
Online:
2023-12-01
Contact:
Chun-Xia LI
About author:
cxli@sdu.edu.cnSupported by:
CLC Number:
Jun-Rong WANG, Qian-Qian SUN, Guo-Qing ZHU, Yan-Rong QIAN, Chun-Xia LI. Rare-Earth-Doped Orthogonal Luminescent Nanocrystals: From Fundamentals to Frontier Applications[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2023, 40(11): 1475-1493.
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URL: http://yyhx.ciac.jl.cn/EN/10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.230185
Fig.1 Schematic illustrations of excitation and emission in downshifting nanoparticles (a) and upconversion nanoparticles (b)?[36]; Schematic illustrations of luminescence mechanism in downshifting nanoparticles (c)?[37] and upconversion nanoparticles (d)[3]
Fig.2 Suppression of surface quenching effect in upconversion nanomaterials based on core-shell structure design. (a) Luminescent photographs and spectral intensity variations of NaYF4∶Yb/Er(Tm) nanoparticles before and after coated with NaYF4 inert layer[50]; (b) Luminescent intensity of highly doped Er3+ nanoparticles at different NaLuF4 inert layer thicknesses[59]; (c) Luminescent intensity of Yb3+ highly doped lithium-based upconversion nanoparticles at different LiYF4 inert layer thickness[60]; (d) Luminescent spectra of aqueous NdF3 nanoparticles and NdF3@SiO2 nanoparticles at the excitation of 730 nm[61]; (e) Luminescent photographs and spectra of oily nanoparticles (left) and aqueous nanoparticles coated with two layers of SiO2 (right)[62]
Fig.3 Enhancement of excitation fluorescence absorption in upconversion nanomaterials based on core-shell structure design. (a) Luminescent photographs and spectral intensity variations of NaGdF4∶Yb/Er nanoparticles coated with NaGdF4 inert layer and NaGdF4∶Yb active layer, respectively[63]; (b) Comparison of luminescence in active core-luminescent layer-active shell structure nanoparticles and other structure types nanoparticles[64]; (c) Schematic illustration for the sensitization of nanoparticle with dye coupling and luminescent intensity before and after coupling with IR-808 dye[65]; (d) Spectral variations of nanoparticles containing Er, Tm and Ho activators after sensitization with ICG dye[66]
Fig.4 Orthogonal luminescence based on core-shell structure design. Design of double-emitting layer (a), single-emitting layer with steady-state emission (b), single-emitting layer with non-steady-state emission (c) for upconversion orthogonal luminescence and double-emitting layer (d) for upconversion/downshifting orthogonal luminescence[69]
Fig.5 Dual-color upconversion orthogonal luminescence based on core-shell structure design. The schematic illustration of the four-layer core-shell structure and upconversion orthogonal blue-green luminescent spectra of Tm3+ ions and Ho3+ ions under 976/808 nm excitation (a)[73], the schematic illustration of the three-layer core-shell structure and upconversion orthogonal blue-green luminescent spectra of Tm3+ ions and Er3+ ions at the excition of 808 nm and different 980 nm powers (b)[22], and the five-layer core-shell structure energy transition illustration and upconversion orthogonal blue-green luminescent spectra of Tm3+ and Er3+ ions at 980/796 nm excitation without dependence on excitation power (c)[21] in the double-emitting layer design; (d) Upconversion orthogonal red-green luminescent spectra of simple core-shell structure with Er3+ ions under 980/530 nm excitation in the single-emitting layer design with steady-state emission[74]. (e) Upconversion orthogonal red-green luminescent spectra of simple core-shell structured with Er3+ ions at different pulse widths of 980 nm in the single-emitting layer design with non-steady-state emission[75]
Fig.6 RGB upconversion orthogonal luminescence based on core-shell structure design. (a) Schematic illustration of the four-layer core-shell structure, TEM diagram, spectral modulation and luminescent photographs as well as color coordinates under different excitation conditions in the double-emitting layer design with non-steady-state/steady-state emission[34];(b) Schematic illustration of the four-layer core-shell structure and luminescent photographs as well as red-green ratios at different excitation power densities of 808/980 nm in the double-emitting layer design with steady-state emission[76]; The schematic illustration of the five-layer core-shell structure and luminescent photographs as well as spectra under the excitation of 1560/808/980 nm (c)[70], the energy level transition illustration of the seven-layer core-shell structure, corresponding TEM and luminescent photographs (d)[77], the schematic illustration of the six-layer core-shell structure and luminescent photographs as well as spectra under the excitation of 1532/980/800 nm (e)[78] and the schematic illustration as well as energy level transition illustration of the six-layer core-shell structure (f) in the tri-emitting layer design[79]
Fig.7 Upconversion/downshifting dual-mode orthogonal luminescence based on core-shell structure design. (a) Multimode luminescent properties of LiLuF4∶Yb/A@LiYF4∶B (A=Er, Ho, Tm; B=Eu, Tb) core-shell nanoparticles[30]; (b) Schematic illustration of energy transfer and energy level transition of NaYF4∶Yb/Er@NaYF4∶Ce/Tb/Eu core-shell nanoparticles achieving upconversion/downshifting dual-mode emission[31]; (c) Core-shell structure design of NaGdF4∶Yb/Ho/Ce@NaYF4∶A (A=Eu, Tb, Sm, Dy) nanoparticles and construction with different types of core-shell structures[29]; (d) Schematic design of core-shell structure of LiYbF4∶Y@LiGdF4∶Yb/Tm@LiYF4∶A@LiGdF4∶Ce (A=Eu, Tb, Dy, Sm, Nd)[28] and (e) luminescent photographs as well as spectra at different excitation wavelengths[28]
Fig.8 Information anti-counterfeiting application of orthogonal luminescent nanocrystals. (a) Dual-color upconversion orthogonal luminescence for anti-counterfeit images[21]; (b) Dual-color upconversion orthogonal luminescence with time gating for anti-counterfeit images[23]; (c) Tri-color upconversion orthogonal luminescence for logic encryption anti-counterfeiting and (d) cell phone assisted anti-counterfeiting[79]
Fig.9 Bioimaging and therapeutic applications of orthogonal luminescence nanocrystals. (a) Dual-color upconversion orthogonal luminescence for PDT via UCL monitoring[71]; (b) Dual-color upconversion orthogonal luminescence of a single activator for PDT via UCL real-time monitoring[81]; (c) Dual-color upconversion orthogonal luminescence of a single activator for PDT via PAI real-time monitoring[82]; (d) Dual-color upconversion orthogonal luminescence of a single activator for PDT via NIR-IIb imaging monitoring[87]
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