Research Progress on Triple-Phase Interface Engineering in Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction Reaction

doi:10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.250089

Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry ›› 2025, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (7): 901-913.DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.250089

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Research Progress on Triple-Phase Interface Engineering in Electrocatalytic CO₂ Reduction Reaction

Zi-Shan HAN, Kang ZOU, Xue YANG()

SINOPEC Research Institute of Petroleum Processing Co. ，Ltd. ，Beijing 100083，China

Received:2025-03-04 Accepted:2025-06-19 Published:2025-07-01 Online:2025-07-23
Contact: Xue YANG
About author:yangx.ripp@sinopec.com
Supported by:
the SINOPEC Research Institute of Petroleum Processing Co., Ltd. Contract Project(PR20242385)

Abstract

Abstract:

Electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction reaction （CO₂RR） enables efficient synthesis of high-value chemicals and fuels， offering a promising technological pathway for mitigating atmospheric CO₂ accumulation and facilitating renewable energy storage. This review presents recent advances in triple-phase interface engineering， with a particular focus on strategies to enhance CO₂ diffusion and transport， as well as solutions to stability challenges in membrane electrode assemblies and gas diffusion electrode systems. Furthermore， we examine the mechanism and applicability of these strategies in optimizing catalytic activity and operational durability. Finally， we highlight the key scientific and engineering challenges that must be addressed to achieve the industrial deployment of electrocatalytic CO₂RR.

Key words: Electrochemical CO₂ reduction reaction, Triple-phase interface engineering, CO₂ mass transfer, System stability

CLC Number:

O646

Zi-Shan HAN, Kang ZOU, Xue YANG. Research Progress on Triple-Phase Interface Engineering in Electrocatalytic CO₂ Reduction Reaction[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2025, 42(7): 901-913.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of the three-phase interface in electrocatalytic CO2RR

Fig.2 （A） Schematic picture of the constructed solid-liquid-gas TPI by dispersing PTFE nanoparticles inside the catalyst layer［20］；（B） Schematic illustration of three interfacial states represented by Au/C-F （Cassie state， top）， Au/C-P-0.5 （Cassie-Wenzel state， middle） and Au/C-P-2.5 （Wenzel state， bottom） catalyst， respectively［21］；（C） Hydrophilic and hydrophobic characteristics of PFSA ionomers［23］

Fig.3 （A） v-OH vibrational region of H2O without （left） and with （right） CTAB［26］；（B） Schematics of interfacial microenvironment regulation of IPN-PFSA heterogeneous catalyst adlayer［29］

Fig.4 （A） Schematic of an all-metal gas diffusion enhanced Cu electrode［33］；（B） Modelled CO2 volume fraction in the pore body and the pore throat of carbon fabrics［34］

Fig.5 Calculated composition of water flux on the cathode side at different gas flow rates for （A） wet CO2 feeds and （B） dry CO2 feeds［41］；（C） The excess flux of water at cathode and （D） the CO faradaic efficiencies of low water uptake membranes with different thicknesses［43］

Fig.6 （A） Carbonate migration occurs during cell operation at the regeneration voltage［54］；（B） Schematic of a BPM electrode assembly in reverse-bias configuration［55］

Fig.7 （A） Schematic picture showing graphene could act as a protective barrier of the CuNCs after polarization［65］；（B） Calculated Cu+/Cu0 ratio as a function of reaction time at -0.61 V（vs.RHE）［66］

Table 1 Cost comparison of primary products in CO2 electroreduction versus conventional process pathways

Product	Conventional process	Conventional unit cost （USD/ton）	CO₂RR cost （USD/ton）	Outlook
Carbon monoxide （CO）^［69-70］	Steam methane reforming， partial oxidation of methane	150~600	200~600	Near commercial viability； Competitive with some conventional processes
Formic acid （HCOOH）^{［69，71］}	Methanol carbonylation， hydrolysis of methyl formate	200~600	550~1 200	Requires improved catalyst stability and energy efficiency
Ethylene （C₂H₄）^［72］	Naphtha steam cracking	600~1 300	2 300~7 000	High cost limits short-term viability； Long-term potential depends on scale and policy support （e.g.， carbon pricing）
Ethanol （C₂H₅OH）^{［70，73］}	Biological fermentation， ethylene hydration	600~1 000	1 600~4 500	Currently costly； Tandem CO pathways may reduce costs over time

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Research Progress on Triple-Phase Interface Engineering in Electrocatalytic CO₂ Reduction Reaction

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