Progress Research on Electrolyte Modification Strategy to Improve the Performance of Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries Within the Wide Temperature Range

doi:10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.230238

Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry ›› 2024, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (3): 349-364.DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.230238

Progress Research on Electrolyte Modification Strategy to Improve the Performance of Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries Within the Wide Temperature Range

Yu CHENG¹, Ling-Jun HE¹, Chu-Yuan LIN¹, Hui LIN¹, Fu-Yu XIAO¹, Wen-Bin LAI¹, Qing-Rong QIAN¹^,², Xiao-Xia HUANG³(), Qing-Hua CHEN¹^,², Ling-Xing ZENG¹^,²()

^1.Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education，College of Environment and Resources，Fujian Normal University，Fuzhou 350007，China
^2.（Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry （Ministry of Education），College of Chemistry，Nankai University，Tianjin 300071，China ）
^3.Fujian College of Water Conservancy and Electric Power，Sanming 366000，China

Received:2023-08-09 Accepted:2024-01-01 Published:2024-03-01 Online:2024-04-09
Contact: Xiao-Xia HUANG,Ling-Xing ZENG
Supported by:
the National Key R&D Program Project of China(2023YFC3906300);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21801251);Fujian Eagle Programme for Young Top Talents, Fujian Provincial Key Fund(2023J02013);the Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Key Project(2022G02022);Fuzhou City Foreign Science and Technology Cooperation Project(2022-Y-004)

Abstract

Abstract:

In today's world， where resources are scarce and energy demand is escalating， aqueous zinc-ion batteries （AZIBs） have emerged as a prominent large-scale energy storage technology. They offer advantages such as high safety， low cost， substantial capacity， and rapid charging and discharging capabilities. As the applications for energy storage become more diverse， AZIBs are being explored for use in various extreme environments. However， the free water molecules in the battery can also cause many adverse reactions， resulting in decreased capacity and shortened life. At low temperature， the freezing of solvent water leads to the decrease of ionic conductivity of AZIBs. At high temperature， the rapid evaporation of solvent water will produce bubbles and gas expansion， and the electrode will also be corroded and dissolved. To address these challenges， this review summarizes the latest research progress of aqueous zinc ion batteries at wide temperature range， focusing on the mechanisms of high-concentration electrolytes， gel electrolytes， electrolyte additives， and eutectic electrolytes to lower the freezing point of the electrolyte and to improve the electrochemical performance at low temperatures. Furthermore， the outlook for further improvement of aqueous zinc-ion batteries for a wide range of temperature performances and industrial applications are also proposed.

Key words: Aqueous zinc-ion batteries, Low-temperature, High-temperature, High-concentration electrolytes, Gel electrolytes, Additives

CLC Number:

O646

Yu CHENG, Ling-Jun HE, Chu-Yuan LIN, Hui LIN, Fu-Yu XIAO, Wen-Bin LAI, Qing-Rong QIAN, Xiao-Xia HUANG, Qing-Hua CHEN, Ling-Xing ZENG. Progress Research on Electrolyte Modification Strategy to Improve the Performance of Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries Within the Wide Temperature Range[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2024, 41(3): 349-364.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig.1 Electrolyte strategy for AZIBs in a wide temperature range

Fig.2 （a） The mechanism of “water-in-salt” electrolyte action［29］；（b） The proportion of two hydrogen bonds in different concentrations of Zn（BF4）2［38］；（c） The charge-discharge curves of Zn//TCBQ battery in the temperature range from -95 ℃ to -60 ℃ were obtained［38］；（d） The calculated formation energy and hydrated radius of Zn2+ solvation configuration and Mg2+ solvation configuration［51］；（e） The ratio of different types of HBs［37］；（f） DFT optimized structures of PAM-H2O-Gly， PAM-H2O-EG， PVA-H2O-Gly and PAA-H2O-Gly were obtained；（g） The interaction energies and the average length of hydrogen bonds of PAM-H2O-Gly， PAM-H2O-EG， PVA-H2O-Gly and PAA-H2O-Gly were calculated［51］；（h） The principle diagram and mechanism of antifreeze hydrogel electrolyte［54］；（i） The binding energy of Zn（BF4）2-PAM-H2O system and ZnSO4-PAM-H2O system obtained by DFT simulation［54］；（j） The average number of H-bonds formed between water molecules obtained by MD simulation［54］

Fig.3 （a） Eb values of different couples［67］；（b） A schematic diagram of Zn surface evolution in electrolytes with/without CH3COONH4 additives［68］；（c） Long-life cycling performance of zinc symmetric cells in ZnSO4∶CH3COONH4 and ZnSO4 electrolytes at -10 ℃［68］；（d） Schematic illustration of the cell-nucleus structured electrolyte design for low temperature aqueous Zn batteries［69］；（e） A schematic pattern of H2O molecules with DAA， DDAA， DA， DDA and non-HB［69］；（f） Comparison of Zn deposition process with or without sorbitol additive［70］；（g） Ionic conductivity values of the electrolytes with different amounts of sorbitol， The inset in g shows the photograph of 2 mol/L ZnSO4 aqueous electrolyte without sorbitol at -10 ℃［70］

Fig.4 （a） Structure diagram of cocrystal solvation structure［8］；（b） The addition of sulfolane destroyed the bulk H—O—H…O—H hydrogen bond network and formed a new type of sulfolane-H2O hydrogen bond［72］；（c） The rate performance of Zn-VOH battery based on 1∶1 electrolyte at -20 ℃［72］；（d） The schematic diagram of the effect of different solvation structures on Zn coating at -20 ℃［74］

Fig.5 （a） The PVA-based gel electrolyte schematic［80］；（b） The cycle performance of the assembled antifreeze FZHSC at 80， 30， 0 and -30 ℃［80］；（c） Schematic diagram of synthesis process of the PDZ-H electrolyte［65］；（d） The ionic conductivity of the PDZ-H electrolyte at different temperature［65］；（e） The schematic diagram of the temperature-regulated hydrogel electrolyte mechanism［81］；（f） When the temperature rises from 30 ℃ to 100 ℃， the apparent volume expansion of the blank electrolyte （BE）， the baseline hydrogel electrolyte （BHE） and the TRHE bagged cell［81］

Fig.6 （a） The coordination ratios of different reagents to Zn2+ in Zn（OTf）2-H2O and Zn（OTf）2-H2O/PD electrolytes at 25 ℃［82］；（b） Ignition test of Zn（OTf）2-PD electrolyte and Zn （OTf）2-H2O/PD electrolyte［82］；（c） The acidic environment of the 2 mol/L-P5W5 cosolvent electrolyte with a pH value as low as 3.23 may be beneficial to inhibit the growth of by-products at a wide temperature［76］； the zinc plating demonstration diagram in a water electrolyte without （d） or with （e） polyhydroxy polymer cosolvent［76］；（f） The electrochemical reaction diagram of 1 mol/L ZnSO4 and 30 mol/L ZnCl2 electrolyte［83］；（g） The charge retention and charge recovery of V2O5 cathode after high temperature storage （55 ℃） in various electrolytes［83］

Fig.7 （a） The schematic diagram of the morphological evolution of Zn（OTf）2 aqueous electrolytes without and with APA［85］；（b） The cycle performance of ZIHC based on PMPG-25 GPE energy storage device at 5 A/g is studied［86］

Table 1 Comparison of physical and chemical properties and electrochemical properties of aqueous zinc ion batteries

Electrolyte	Category	Cathode	Ionicconductivity/ （mS·cm^-1·℃^-1）	Operating temperature range/℃	Freezing point/℃	Capacity/（（mA·h·g^-1）\|（A·g^-1））	Year
4 mol/L Zn（BF₄）₂	High-concentration electrolyte	TCBQ	1.47/-70	-95~25	-122	-95 ℃：63.5/0.22	2021^［38］
3.5 mol/L Mg（ClO₄）₂+1 mol/L Zn（ClO₄）₂	High-concentration electrolyte	PTO	1.41/-70	-70~25	-121	-70 ℃：101.5/0.2	2021^［37］
PAM-H₂O-Gly-20%	Gel electrolyte	SWCNTs/PANI	0.096 5/-40	-40~20	*	-40 ℃：52/1	2022^［51］
3 mol/L Zn（BF₄）₂-PAM	Gel electrolyte	PANI	2.38/-70	-70~25	*	-70 ℃：33.5/0.25	2023^［54］
0.5 mol/L ［BMIM］OTF+3 mol/L Zn（OTF）₂	Electrolyte additives	H₁₁Al₂V₆O_23.2（HAVO）	27.7/-40	-40~25	*	-30 ℃：165/2	2022^［67］
ZnSO₄∶CH₃COONH₄	Electrolyte additives	Zn	*	-10~25	*	*	2022^［68］
DME（DME∶DME+H₂O=0.15）+1 mol/L Zn（OTf）₂	Electrolyte additives	V₂O₅	1.06/-40	-40~25	-52.4	-40 ℃：212.4/0.5	2023^［69］
10% C₆H₁₄O₆	Electrolyte additives	MnO₂	17.2/-10	-10~20	-18	-10 ℃：101.9/5	2023^［70］
30% 2-propanol/H₂O/Zn（OTf）₂	Eutectic electrolyte	V₂O₅	*	-20~25	＜-100	*	2022^［8］
Zn（TFSI）₂-sulfolane-H₂O（1∶1）	Eutectic electrolyte	V₂O₅·nH₂O	*	-20~25	＜-80	*	2023^［72］
3 mol/L ZnOAc_1.2Cl_1.8-DOL	Eutectic electrolyte	AC	*	-20~20	*	*	2023^［74］
PVA/Gly/ZnCl₂	Gel electrolyte	δ-MnO₂	0.21/-50	-30~80	-105.73	*	2022^［80］
PAAm/DMSO/Zn（CF₃SO₃）₂	Gel electrolyte	Zn₃V₂O₈	*	-40~60	＜-40	*	2022^［65］
PEG+AGr	Gel electrolyte	Na₅V₁₂O₃₂（NVO）	*	30~100	*	*	2022^［81］
Zn（OTf）₂-H₂O/PD	Electrolyte additives	Te	12.8/100	30~100	*	100 ℃：195.7/2C	2022^［82］
50%PEG+50%H₂O+2 mol/L Zn（OTf）₂	Electrolyte additives	PANI@V₂O₅	87/100	-20~80	-93.04	60 ℃：310/2	2022^［76］
30 mol/L ZnCl₂	High-concentration electrolyte	V₂O₅	*	55	*	*	2021^［83］
1% APA+3 mol/L Zn（OTf）₂	Electrolyte additives	Zn	*	-30~50	*	*	2023^［85］
PMPG-25 GPE+2 mol/L ZnCl₂	Gel electrolyte	AC/CC	*	-20~60	*	*	2023^［86］

Table 1 Comparison of physical and chemical properties and electrochemical properties of aqueous zinc ion batteries

Electrolyte	Category	Cathode	Ionicconductivity/ （mS·cm^-1·℃^-1）	Operating temperature range/℃	Freezing point/℃	Capacity/（（mA·h·g^-1）\|（A·g^-1））	Year
4 mol/L Zn（BF₄）₂	High-concentration electrolyte	TCBQ	1.47/-70	-95~25	-122	-95 ℃：63.5/0.22	2021^［38］
3.5 mol/L Mg（ClO₄）₂+1 mol/L Zn（ClO₄）₂	High-concentration electrolyte	PTO	1.41/-70	-70~25	-121	-70 ℃：101.5/0.2	2021^［37］
PAM-H₂O-Gly-20%	Gel electrolyte	SWCNTs/PANI	0.096 5/-40	-40~20	*	-40 ℃：52/1	2022^［51］
3 mol/L Zn（BF₄）₂-PAM	Gel electrolyte	PANI	2.38/-70	-70~25	*	-70 ℃：33.5/0.25	2023^［54］
0.5 mol/L ［BMIM］OTF+3 mol/L Zn（OTF）₂	Electrolyte additives	H₁₁Al₂V₆O_23.2（HAVO）	27.7/-40	-40~25	*	-30 ℃：165/2	2022^［67］
ZnSO₄∶CH₃COONH₄	Electrolyte additives	Zn	*	-10~25	*	*	2022^［68］
DME（DME∶DME+H₂O=0.15）+1 mol/L Zn（OTf）₂	Electrolyte additives	V₂O₅	1.06/-40	-40~25	-52.4	-40 ℃：212.4/0.5	2023^［69］
10% C₆H₁₄O₆	Electrolyte additives	MnO₂	17.2/-10	-10~20	-18	-10 ℃：101.9/5	2023^［70］
30% 2-propanol/H₂O/Zn（OTf）₂	Eutectic electrolyte	V₂O₅	*	-20~25	＜-100	*	2022^［8］
Zn（TFSI）₂-sulfolane-H₂O（1∶1）	Eutectic electrolyte	V₂O₅·nH₂O	*	-20~25	＜-80	*	2023^［72］
3 mol/L ZnOAc_1.2Cl_1.8-DOL	Eutectic electrolyte	AC	*	-20~20	*	*	2023^［74］
PVA/Gly/ZnCl₂	Gel electrolyte	δ-MnO₂	0.21/-50	-30~80	-105.73	*	2022^［80］
PAAm/DMSO/Zn（CF₃SO₃）₂	Gel electrolyte	Zn₃V₂O₈	*	-40~60	＜-40	*	2022^［65］
PEG+AGr	Gel electrolyte	Na₅V₁₂O₃₂（NVO）	*	30~100	*	*	2022^［81］
Zn（OTf）₂-H₂O/PD	Electrolyte additives	Te	12.8/100	30~100	*	100 ℃：195.7/2C	2022^［82］
50%PEG+50%H₂O+2 mol/L Zn（OTf）₂	Electrolyte additives	PANI@V₂O₅	87/100	-20~80	-93.04	60 ℃：310/2	2022^［76］
30 mol/L ZnCl₂	High-concentration electrolyte	V₂O₅	*	55	*	*	2021^［83］
1% APA+3 mol/L Zn（OTf）₂	Electrolyte additives	Zn	*	-30~50	*	*	2023^［85］
PMPG-25 GPE+2 mol/L ZnCl₂	Gel electrolyte	AC/CC	*	-20~60	*	*	2023^［86］

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Progress Research on Electrolyte Modification Strategy to Improve the Performance of Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries Within the Wide Temperature Range

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