Research Progress in the Synthesis， Assembly and Applications of Gemini Surfactants

doi:10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.240314

Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry ›› 2025, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (5): 621-641.DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.240314

• Review • Previous Articles

Research Progress in the Synthesis， Assembly and Applications of Gemini Surfactants

Zhi-Jun ZHANG¹^,², You-Mei XING¹^,²(), Zhen WU¹, Wei-Hua FANG², Yun-Jian YIN², Guo-Jie WANG¹()

^1.Institution School of Materials Science and Engineering，University of Science and Technology Beijing，Beijing 100083，China
^2.Hangzhou Greenda Electronic Materials Co. ，Ltd. ，Hangzhou 311228，China

Received:2024-10-08 Accepted:2025-04-04 Published:2025-05-01 Online:2025-06-05
Contact: You-Mei XING,Guo-Jie WANG
About author:gracexing@greendachem.com
guojie.wang@mater.ustb.edu.cn；
Supported by:
the National Key Basic Research Development Plan(2009CB724100);Zhejiang Province Science and Technology Project(2022C01080);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51373025)

Abstract

Abstract:

Gemini surfactant is a type of surfactant with a special structure， which contains two hydrophobic groups， two hydrophilic groups， and one linking group. Compared with traditional surfactants， Gemini surfactants have attracted great attention due to their advantages of better surface activity， lower critical micelle concentration and Kraff point， good emulsifying ability， foam performance， and excellent wetting performance， which lead them to play an important role in daily life， industrial production， high-end manufacturing and other fields. In this review， the synthesis of Gemini surfactants with different structures are introduced， followed by the aggregate structures of Gemini surfactants under different conditions and the mutual transformation between aggregate structures as well as their applications in different fields such as petroleum exploration， synthetic templates， corrosion inhibitors， drug carriers， integrated circuit manufacturing， etc. In the end， future research directions on the design of novel Gemini surfactants and the application in advanced semiconductor chips manufacturing are proposed.

Key words: Gemini surfactants, Synthesis, Aggregates, Assembly, Application

CLC Number:

O647.2

Zhi-Jun ZHANG, You-Mei XING, Zhen WU, Wei-Hua FANG, Yun-Jian YIN, Guo-Jie WANG. Research Progress in the Synthesis， Assembly and Applications of Gemini Surfactants[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2025, 42(5): 621-641.

Figures/Tables 17

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of the Gemini surfactant structure synthesized by Menger et al［10］

Fig.2 Synthetic route of cationic Gemini surfactants GS-12 （A）［30］ and 17-2-17-2Y （B）［31］

Fig.3 Synthetic route of anionic Gemini surfactants GAC-312 （A）［32］ and NNAS8-12 （B）［33］

Fig.4 Synthetic route of zwitterionic Gemini surfactants EDBS （A）［34］， GS1 and GS2 （B）［35］

Fig.5 Synthetic route of non-ionic Gemini surfactants PODD （A）［36］， GSXADH （B）［37］， DMOEn （C）［38］ and P m （D）［39］

Fig.6 Synthetic route of non-covalent Gemini surfactant C14-N6-C14 （A）［20］， SDBS/BBMB （B）［21］ and EA/p-PA （C）［40］

Fig.7 SEM images of micelle formed by Gemini surfactants DS 18-3-18 （A） and DC 18-3-18 （B）［42］； TEM images of micelle formed by Gemini surfactants： oil amide Gemini surfactant （C）， stearic amide Gemini surfactant （D）［43］； DFCS （E）［44］ and （F） C14Φ2C14［45］； Rheological measurement curve of C12-azo-C12 （G）［46］； FF-TEM image of C14（azo）C14（H）［47］

Fig.8 TEM images of vesicles formed by Gemini surfactants PKO 15-3（OH）-12 （A）， PKO 15-3（OH）-14 （B） and PKO 15-3（OH）-16 （C）［48］； Optical microscope photos of vesicles formed by Gemini surfactants in solvents： water/methanol solution （D） and chloroform （E）［49］； Photograph of mixture： molar ratio of SGS12/CTAB is 4∶6 （F）［50］

Fig.9 Schematic diagram of mixed micelles formed by 16-E1-16 and P123 （A）［51］； Optical microscope photos about phase size changing with temperature of α-gel phase （B）［52］； Schematic diagram of GOHAC gel （C）［53］

Fig.10 SEM image of C12-6-12/PAM aggregates in the coacervate phase at the C12-6-12 concentration of 6.0 mmol/L （A）［54］； The photo of C12-6-12/NaCMC/NaBz system with 20.00 mmol/L C12-6-12 and 0.25 mol/L NaBz （B）［55］； Cryo-TEM image of the coacervation of C12-6-12/H2Bzglu mixtures at pH=4.5 and at 36.7 mmol/L H2Bzglu with C12-6-12 of 10.0 mmol/L （C）［56］

Fig.11 TEM images of liquid crystal phase with polymerized PC11-6-11： L α liquid crystal phase （A） and H2 liquid crystal phase （B）［57］； POM images for the reverse hexagonal phases obtained in m-2-m/EAN systems： 14-2-14， 78.7%， 130 ℃ （C）； 12-2-12， 78.5%， 105 ℃ （D） and 10-2-10， 85.9%， 82 ℃ （E）［58］

Fig.12 Histogram of BES-5 aggregates' sizes versus the concentration of KCl （A）［60］； Schematic diagram of the micelle structure transformation of Gemini surfactants under the influence of UV or pH （B）［61］； Schematic diagram of micelle structure transition of non-covalent Gemini-like surfactants under pH effect （C）［20］； TEM image of vesicles formed by SDDC under the addition of Cu2+ （D）［62］； Schematic diagram of reversible transformation of GCS/NDPO mixture under the action of CO2/N2 （E）［63］； Cryo-TEM images of C18-4-C18 solution （F） and C18-4-C18 and 1% n-decane solution （G）［64］

Fig.13 Optical microscope images of rock/liquid suspensions： sandstone-oil-aqueous-GS-SNP （A）， sandstone-oil-aqueous-GS-BNP （B）， carbonate-oil-aqueous-GS-SNP （C） and carbonate-oil-aqueous-GS-SNP （D）［68］

Fig.14 The mechanism diagram of preparing mesoporous molecular sieves using Gemini surfactant as a template （A）［69］； SEM image of silica nanocapsules （B）［70］； SEM images of V2O5 crystal nanorods （C）［71］

Fig.15 Schematic diagram of the adsorption effect of DMAEB on the surface of N80 carbon steel （A）［74］； Schematic diagram of the adsorption effect of Gemini surfactant on the surface of calcite （B）［75］

Fig.16 TEM image of vesicles formed by Gemini surfactant （A）［81］ and curcumin； TEM image of vesicles formed by Gemini surfactant （B）［82］ and diclofenac sodium

Table 1 Chemical structures， aggregate structures and applications of Gemini surfactants

Aggregate structures	Application fields	Ref.
Micelle	Petroleum exploration	［67］
Vesicle	Synthetic templates	［69］
Micelle， vesicle	Drug carrier	［81］
Micelle， vesicle	CO₂ detection	［63］
Gel	Fracturing fluid	［53］
Liquid crystal	Liquid crystal display	［59］

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Research Progress in the Synthesis， Assembly and Applications of Gemini Surfactants

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