Recent Advances in Functional Materials for Pollutant Removal from Sewage Wastewater： Scaling Effects of Elemental Substances‑Synthetic Modification‑Process Engineering

doi:10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.230309

Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry ›› 2024, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (2): 190-216.DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.230309

• Review • Previous Articles

Recent Advances in Functional Materials for Pollutant Removal from Sewage Wastewater： Scaling Effects of Elemental Substances‑Synthetic Modification‑Process Engineering

Zi-Jun PANG, Zhi QIN, A-Cong CHEN, Xiang-Hong GUAN, Geng-Rui WEI, Ze-Min LI, Hua HUANG, Chao-Hai WEI()

School of Environment and Energy，South China University of Technology，Guangzhou 510006，China

Received:2023-10-09 Accepted:2023-12-26 Published:2024-02-01 Online:2024-03-05
Contact: Chao-Hai WEI
About author:cechwei@scut.edu.cn
Supported by:
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51878290)

Abstract

Abstract:

Organic pollutants， heavy metal ions， and viral microorganisms in sewage wastewater not only cause serious water pollution， but also pose a serious threat to human health and ecosystems. Effectively controlling the risks associated with sewage wastewater has become a crucial research direction for environmental protection and sustainable development. Environmental functional materials， as a category of auxiliary means with pollutant purification effects， have demonstrated tremendous technological potential in reducing water pollution risks. This study explores the current status and development in three scale aspects： selection of elemental substances， synthetic and modification strategies， and optimization of process engineering. The characteristics of new types of functional materials are introduced by taking carbon， silicon and metal elements as examples； the synthesis technologies are discussed in terms of solvothermal method， sol-gel method， co-precipitation method， chemical vapor deposition method， green synthesis method， and surface functionalization modification； regarding the application of process engineering， attention should be paid to the industrial generation/continuous operation of fixed bed-adsorption bed-fluidized bed， electric-light-magnetic， physics-chemistry-biology， recycling-regeneration-disposal， synergistic amplification effect； and evaluation is carried out in terms of performance， economy， environmental impact， and sustainability， emphasizing the goal of safety-stability-long-lasting-full loading-optimization for the application of process engineering technologies. The future development of environmental functional materials should focus on areas such as 3D printing materials in sewage and wastewater treatment， intelligent processes and smart management， crowdsourcing and information diagnosis， as well as quantum probes and field effects to provide new technological fields in terms of water quality improvement-material function excavation-sustainable recycling development.

Key words: Environmentally functional materials, Wastewater treatment, Selection of elemental substances, Synthesis and modification strategies, Process engineering applications, Sustainability evaluation

CLC Number:

O661

Zi-Jun PANG, Zhi QIN, A-Cong CHEN, Xiang-Hong GUAN, Geng-Rui WEI, Ze-Min LI, Hua HUANG, Chao-Hai WEI. Recent Advances in Functional Materials for Pollutant Removal from Sewage Wastewater： Scaling Effects of Elemental Substances‑Synthetic Modification‑Process Engineering[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2024, 41(2): 190-216.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig.1 Types of （a） carbon-based［19-20］，（b） silicon-based［21-28］ and （c） metal-based［29-35］ environmentally functional material

Table 1 Structure and properties of graphene and its derivatives

Name	Synthesis methods	Advantages	Disadvantages	Specific surface area/（m²·g^-1）	Ref.
GNS	Mechanical stripping， chemical vapor deposition	High quality， large size， few defects	Small production scale， low yield	~2 391	［56?57］
sGNS	Introduction of sulfonyl groups （—SO₃H） on graphene surface	Introduction of functional groups increases chemical versatility	Complex preparation， sensitive to oxidizers	~1 709	［58?59］
GO	Modified Hummers method	Large scale production， safe and controllable， high purity yield	Unstable oxide layer	~2 400	［60?61］
rGO	Liquid phase reduction	Low cost， highly decentralized and controllable， environmentally friendly	Unstable reduction process	~2 700	［61?62］

Fig.2 Typical structures and compositions of MXene［67］

Fig.3 Structural generalizations of the four main silicone-based polymers：（a） polysiloxanes；（b） polysilazanes；（c） polysilanes；（d） polycarbosilanes

Table 2 Progress of SACs in AOPs technology

Single atom	Carriers	AOPs technologies	Reaction conditions	Pollutant species	Removal capacity/%	Active species	Ref.
Co	Polystyrene microsphere templates （NC?PS）	PMS	［Catalyst］=100 mg/L ［PMS］₀=300 mg/L ［BPA］₀=20 mg/L	BPA ^a	100 （60 min）	¹O₂	［88］
Fe	N?doped carbon carriers （NC）	PMS	［Catalyst］=0.05 g/L ［PMS］₀=2 mmol/L ［BPA］₀=0.1 mmol/L	BPA	100 （3 min）	·OH， $S O 4 ? –$ ， $O 2 ? –$ ，¹O₂	［83］
Ag	Mesoporous g?C₃N₄	Photo?PMS	［Catalyst］=0.1 g/L ［PMS］₀=1 mmol/L ［BPA］₀=20 mg/L	BPA	98 （60 min）	$S O 4 ? –$ ， $O 2 ? –$ ， $h V B +$	［89］
Mn	N?doped biochar （NSC）	PMS	［Catalyst］=0.5 g/L ［PMS］₀=1 mmol/L ［ENR］₀=10 mg/L	ENR ^b	99 （10 min）	·OH， $S O 4 ? –$ ， $O 2 ? –$ ，¹O₂	［90］
Fe	Enteromorpha carbon matrix	PDS	［Catalyst］=40 mg/L ［PDS］₀=0.4 mmol/L	BPS ^c	100 （40 min）	·OH， $S O 4 ? –$ ， $O 2 ? –$	［91］
Cu	Carbon nitride （CN）	Fenton?like	［Catalyst］=0.3 g/L ［H₂O₂］₀=30 mmol/L ［MB］₀=10 mg/L	MB	93.55 （40 min）	¹O₂	［31］
Mn	N，P，S?doped carbon skeleton	Electrocatalysis	［Catalyst］=0.4 g/L ［CIP］₀=10 mg/L	CIP	100 （30 min）	Mn^，¹O₂，H^	［92］
Mo	CNTs	Electro?Fenton（EF）	［Catalyst］=20 mg	IBU ^d	98 （30 min）	·OH， $O 2 ? –$ ，¹O₂	［93］
Fe	N?doped MOFs	EF	［Catalyst］=0.1 g/L ［2，4-DCP］₀=0.14 mmol/L	2，4?DCP ^e	100 （90 min）	·OH	［94］
Pt	Thiocyanate/C	EF	［Catalyst］=1.105 mg ［RhB］₀=20 mg/L	RhB ^f	100 （7 min）	·OH	［95］

Table 2 Progress of SACs in AOPs technology

Single atom	Carriers	AOPs technologies	Reaction conditions	Pollutant species	Removal capacity/%	Active species	Ref.
Co	Polystyrene microsphere templates （NC?PS）	PMS	［Catalyst］=100 mg/L ［PMS］₀=300 mg/L ［BPA］₀=20 mg/L	BPA ^a	100 （60 min）	¹O₂	［88］
Fe	N?doped carbon carriers （NC）	PMS	［Catalyst］=0.05 g/L ［PMS］₀=2 mmol/L ［BPA］₀=0.1 mmol/L	BPA	100 （3 min）	·OH， $S O 4 ? –$ ， $O 2 ? –$ ，¹O₂	［83］
Ag	Mesoporous g?C₃N₄	Photo?PMS	［Catalyst］=0.1 g/L ［PMS］₀=1 mmol/L ［BPA］₀=20 mg/L	BPA	98 （60 min）	$S O 4 ? –$ ， $O 2 ? –$ ， $h V B +$	［89］
Mn	N?doped biochar （NSC）	PMS	［Catalyst］=0.5 g/L ［PMS］₀=1 mmol/L ［ENR］₀=10 mg/L	ENR ^b	99 （10 min）	·OH， $S O 4 ? –$ ， $O 2 ? –$ ，¹O₂	［90］
Fe	Enteromorpha carbon matrix	PDS	［Catalyst］=40 mg/L ［PDS］₀=0.4 mmol/L	BPS ^c	100 （40 min）	·OH， $S O 4 ? –$ ， $O 2 ? –$	［91］
Cu	Carbon nitride （CN）	Fenton?like	［Catalyst］=0.3 g/L ［H₂O₂］₀=30 mmol/L ［MB］₀=10 mg/L	MB	93.55 （40 min）	¹O₂	［31］
Mn	N，P，S?doped carbon skeleton	Electrocatalysis	［Catalyst］=0.4 g/L ［CIP］₀=10 mg/L	CIP	100 （30 min）	Mn^，¹O₂，H^	［92］
Mo	CNTs	Electro?Fenton（EF）	［Catalyst］=20 mg	IBU ^d	98 （30 min）	·OH， $O 2 ? –$ ，¹O₂	［93］
Fe	N?doped MOFs	EF	［Catalyst］=0.1 g/L ［2，4-DCP］₀=0.14 mmol/L	2，4?DCP ^e	100 （90 min）	·OH	［94］
Pt	Thiocyanate/C	EF	［Catalyst］=1.105 mg ［RhB］₀=20 mg/L	RhB ^f	100 （7 min）	·OH	［95］

Fig.4 General steps of different synthesis methods for material functionalization. （a） Solvothermal method used to synthesize zeolites［143］；（b） Flowchart of the sol-gel synthesis［144］；（c） Flowchart of the co-precipitation method for the synthesis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles［145］；（d） Schematic diagram of the CVD method for the preparation of PPTA/PPy OSN membranes［146］；（e） Flowchart for green synthesis［147］

Table 3 Adsorption properties of environmental functional materials for heavy metals

Adsorbents	pH	Concentration/（g·L^-1）	Adsorption capacity/（mg·g^-1）	Functionalization modification	Mechanism of action	Ref.
Douglas fir pyrolysis biochar	5.0	0.4	Pb（Ⅱ） 40 Cd（Ⅱ） 16	—OH	Electrostatic adsorption	［175］
Coal gangue ZSM?5 zeolite	N/A	1.0	Pb（Ⅱ） 232.6	—OH	Ligand complexation， precipitation and ion exchange	［176］
Sulfonated Humic acid resin	5.0	0.33	Pb（Ⅱ） 621 Cd（Ⅱ） 366 Cu（Ⅱ） 141	—SH， CO， C—O， —OH	Ligand complexation，α interactions	［172］
RS?g?APSAN	6.0	0.4	Pb（Ⅱ） 662.9 Cu（Ⅱ） 248.8 Zn（Ⅱ） 110.1 Ni（Ⅱ） 94.9	—NH₂	Ligand complexation	［177］
Fe₃O₄@SiO₂?（—NH₂/ —COOH） core?shell nanoparticles	6.0	0.8	Cd（Ⅱ） 84.0 Pb（Ⅱ） 166.7 Zn（Ⅱ） 80.4	—NH₂， —COOH	Electrostatic adsorption， chemisorption， ligand complexation	［178］
2，3?Dimercaptosuccinic acid/dopamine modified magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles	6.0	0.33	Pb（Ⅱ） 187.6 Cd（Ⅱ） 49.5 Cu（Ⅱ） 63.0	—SH， —OH， —COOH	Chemisorption	［179］
Ti?based MXene （DL?Ti₃C₂T_x）	5.0	1.0	Pb（Ⅱ） 77 Cu（Ⅱ） 23.1	—OH	Electrostatic adsorption， ligand complexation	［180］
Mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride （mpg?C₃N₄）	4.0	1.0	Th（Ⅱ） 196.1	NC—N，—OH	Ligand complexation， pore filling	［181］
Graphene oxide?terminated amino hyperbranched polymer （GO?HBP?NH₂?TEPA）	2.0	0.2	Cr（Ⅵ） 277.2	—NH₂	Electrostatic adsorption	［182］
Graphene oxide?terminated amino hyperbranched polymer?carboxymethyl fiber （GO?HBP?NH₂?CMC）	5.0	0.2	Pb（Ⅱ） 178.2 Cd（Ⅱ） 161.4	—OH，—NH₂， —COOH， —CONH—	Monolayer chemisorption， coordination complexation， ion exchange	［183］
Microporous metal?organic skeleton （MIL?125（Ti））	N/A	0.2	As（Ⅲ） 40.26 As（Ⅴ） 46.34	CO	Monolayer adsorption	［184］
Composite of carboxylated GO and MOFs （GO?COOH/MOF?808）	5.5	0.5	Pb（Ⅱ） 157.8 Cd（Ⅱ） 136.0 Co（Ⅱ） 82.4 Ni（Ⅱ） 91.0 Cu（Ⅱ） 91.5	—OH，—COOH	Ion exchange， electrostatic adsorption， chemisorption， α interaction， coordination complexation	［185］

Table 3 Adsorption properties of environmental functional materials for heavy metals

Adsorbents	pH	Concentration/（g·L^-1）	Adsorption capacity/（mg·g^-1）	Functionalization modification	Mechanism of action	Ref.
Douglas fir pyrolysis biochar	5.0	0.4	Pb（Ⅱ） 40 Cd（Ⅱ） 16	—OH	Electrostatic adsorption	［175］
Coal gangue ZSM?5 zeolite	N/A	1.0	Pb（Ⅱ） 232.6	—OH	Ligand complexation， precipitation and ion exchange	［176］
Sulfonated Humic acid resin	5.0	0.33	Pb（Ⅱ） 621 Cd（Ⅱ） 366 Cu（Ⅱ） 141	—SH， CO， C—O， —OH	Ligand complexation，α interactions	［172］
RS?g?APSAN	6.0	0.4	Pb（Ⅱ） 662.9 Cu（Ⅱ） 248.8 Zn（Ⅱ） 110.1 Ni（Ⅱ） 94.9	—NH₂	Ligand complexation	［177］
Fe₃O₄@SiO₂?（—NH₂/ —COOH） core?shell nanoparticles	6.0	0.8	Cd（Ⅱ） 84.0 Pb（Ⅱ） 166.7 Zn（Ⅱ） 80.4	—NH₂， —COOH	Electrostatic adsorption， chemisorption， ligand complexation	［178］
2，3?Dimercaptosuccinic acid/dopamine modified magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles	6.0	0.33	Pb（Ⅱ） 187.6 Cd（Ⅱ） 49.5 Cu（Ⅱ） 63.0	—SH， —OH， —COOH	Chemisorption	［179］
Ti?based MXene （DL?Ti₃C₂T_x）	5.0	1.0	Pb（Ⅱ） 77 Cu（Ⅱ） 23.1	—OH	Electrostatic adsorption， ligand complexation	［180］
Mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride （mpg?C₃N₄）	4.0	1.0	Th（Ⅱ） 196.1	NC—N，—OH	Ligand complexation， pore filling	［181］
Graphene oxide?terminated amino hyperbranched polymer （GO?HBP?NH₂?TEPA）	2.0	0.2	Cr（Ⅵ） 277.2	—NH₂	Electrostatic adsorption	［182］
Graphene oxide?terminated amino hyperbranched polymer?carboxymethyl fiber （GO?HBP?NH₂?CMC）	5.0	0.2	Pb（Ⅱ） 178.2 Cd（Ⅱ） 161.4	—OH，—NH₂， —COOH， —CONH—	Monolayer chemisorption， coordination complexation， ion exchange	［183］
Microporous metal?organic skeleton （MIL?125（Ti））	N/A	0.2	As（Ⅲ） 40.26 As（Ⅴ） 46.34	CO	Monolayer adsorption	［184］
Composite of carboxylated GO and MOFs （GO?COOH/MOF?808）	5.5	0.5	Pb（Ⅱ） 157.8 Cd（Ⅱ） 136.0 Co（Ⅱ） 82.4 Ni（Ⅱ） 91.0 Cu（Ⅱ） 91.5	—OH，—COOH	Ion exchange， electrostatic adsorption， chemisorption， α interaction， coordination complexation	［185］

Fig.5 Schematic of （a） pilot experiment and （b） full-scale demonstration，（c） deactivation and regeneration mechanism of catalyst［216］

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Recent Advances in Functional Materials for Pollutant Removal from Sewage Wastewater： Scaling Effects of Elemental Substances‑Synthetic Modification‑Process Engineering

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