应用化学 ›› 2023, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (11): 1504-1517.DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.230071
陈淑敏1,2, 吕子全2, 邹旋2, 桂水清3, 卢雪梅1,2(
)
收稿日期:2023-03-22
接受日期:2023-10-08
出版日期:2023-11-01
发布日期:2023-12-01
通讯作者:
卢雪梅
基金资助:
Shu-Min CHEN1,2, Zi-Quan LYU2, Xuan ZOU2, Shui-Qing GUI3, Xue-Mei LU1,2()
Received:2023-03-22
Accepted:2023-10-08
Published:2023-11-01
Online:2023-12-01
Contact:
Xue-Mei LU
About author:luxuemei605@163.comSupported by:摘要：
新冠疫情常态化下，戴口罩已广泛成为预防呼吸道疾病的有效手段。人们对口罩的需求不仅是用于过滤含有微生物气溶胶，而且能满足抗菌、抗病毒、自我清洁及检测等更多的需求。具有抗菌、抗病毒功能的口罩可以有效杀灭截留在口罩过滤层中的病原体，减少污染源和感染源； 具有自我清洁功能的口罩能实现口罩的循环利用，缓解环境污染及资源浪费； 具有自我检测功能的口罩能实现可视化检测病原体，解决常规采样给人们带来的不适感。各种功能修饰改善了口罩的性能，如金属纳米颗粒和草药提取物用于灭活病原体； 碳基纳米粒子赋予口罩光热效应和超疏水特性，可显著延长口罩寿命； 金属纳米粒子利用其荧光猝灭或增强用于病原体检测。本文综述了近3年随着材料科学的进步，功能性口罩的研发以及功能化方面的最新进展。
中图分类号:
陈淑敏, 吕子全, 邹旋, 桂水清, 卢雪梅. 新冠常态下功能性口罩研究进展[J]. 应用化学, 2023, 40(11): 1504-1517.
Shu-Min CHEN, Zi-Quan LYU, Xuan ZOU, Shui-Qing GUI, Xue-Mei LU. Research Progress of Functional Masks Amid the Normalization of the COVID-19 Pandemic[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2023, 40(11): 1504-1517.
图1 带有SMS过滤层的传统口罩示意图［5］
Fig.1 Illustration of conventional face mask with an SMS filter［5］
| Mask type | Fabric type and structure | Filtration rate | Advantages | Disadvantages | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cloth mask | Composed of cotton， woven， felted， knitted and other household fabrics | Filtration efficiency depends on the type and structure of the fabric and the number of fabric layers used in the mask | Washable and multi-use | Less efficient virus filtering | ［ |
| Surgical mask | Composed of 3 layers， the outer layer is mostly made of hydrophobic spunbond nonwoven， the middle layer is electret polypropylene meltblown fabric， and the inner layer is mostly made of hydrophilic nonwoven | Particle filtration efficiency ≥30%， bacteria filtration efficiency ≥95% | Achieves high particle and bacteria filtration efficiency while having low ventilation resistance | Most masks are disposable in design and use polypropylene for the filter layer， which is a thermoplastic and does not easily degrade | ［ ［ |
| Filtering face piece respirators | Electret filters with charged layers capable of capturing microaerosol droplets， virus particles and various microorganisms larger than 100 nm in size | The filtering ability is very strong， in some cases can even filter particles as small as 20 nm mask， particle filtration efficiency ≥95% | Can meet the requirements of blocking blood， body fluids and other splashes， with surface resistance to moisture | Can limit inhalation of Corona Virus Disease 2019 but they do not inactivate the virus， and they can be a potential source of infection and contamination | ［ |
表1 市面上常见口罩种类及其优缺点
Table 1 Common masks on the market and their advantages and disadvantages
| Mask type | Fabric type and structure | Filtration rate | Advantages | Disadvantages | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cloth mask | Composed of cotton， woven， felted， knitted and other household fabrics | Filtration efficiency depends on the type and structure of the fabric and the number of fabric layers used in the mask | Washable and multi-use | Less efficient virus filtering | ［ |
| Surgical mask | Composed of 3 layers， the outer layer is mostly made of hydrophobic spunbond nonwoven， the middle layer is electret polypropylene meltblown fabric， and the inner layer is mostly made of hydrophilic nonwoven | Particle filtration efficiency ≥30%， bacteria filtration efficiency ≥95% | Achieves high particle and bacteria filtration efficiency while having low ventilation resistance | Most masks are disposable in design and use polypropylene for the filter layer， which is a thermoplastic and does not easily degrade | ［ ［ |
| Filtering face piece respirators | Electret filters with charged layers capable of capturing microaerosol droplets， virus particles and various microorganisms larger than 100 nm in size | The filtering ability is very strong， in some cases can even filter particles as small as 20 nm mask， particle filtration efficiency ≥95% | Can meet the requirements of blocking blood， body fluids and other splashes， with surface resistance to moisture | Can limit inhalation of Corona Virus Disease 2019 but they do not inactivate the virus， and they can be a potential source of infection and contamination | ［ |
图2 ZnO改性棉织物抗新冠病毒示意图［18］Fig.?2 ZnO Schematic diagram of the modified cotton fabric resistant to novel corona virus［18］
| Classification of antibacterial and antiviral masks | Common materials | Antibacterial and antiviral mechanism | Advantages | Disadvantages | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metal-based antibacterial and antiviral masks | Silver nanoparticles， copper nanoparticles， zinc nanoparticles， gold nanoparticles， other metal nanoparticles such as， gallium， tin oxide and iron oxide， TiO2， etc | 1. Nanoparticles attach themselves to viruses， which in turn destroy viruses attached to potential host cells 2. When metal nanoparticles come into contact with bacteria or viruses， they can achieve inactivation of bacteria and viruses by stimulating the production of reactive oxygen species 3. When bacteria or viruses come into contact with metal nanoparticle clusters， the metal nanoparticles adhere to the membrane walls of microorganisms， causing denaturation and inactivation of specific proteins on the surface of the bacteria or viruses， which in turn leads to apoptosis 4. Indirectly destroying the virus by mimicking the nucleus to activate the immune response of the infected cells and inhibit the spread of the virus | Metals and salts in the nano state are strong antibacterial agents that increase the anti-viral effect of the masks | Some metal nanoparticles are expensive， such as gold and silver. These metal-based particles are embedded in masks by infiltration spray embedding， etc. and are easily detached， and certain types of metal ions， such as Cu（Ⅱ） and Zn（Ⅱ）， are cytotoxic | ［ |
| Carbon-based antibacterial and antiviral masks | Carbon dots， carbon nanotubes， graphene oxide | Various mechanisms of antibacterial and antiviral activity of these nanomaterials， including physical/mechanical damage， photocatalytic effects， oxidative stress， lipid extraction， encapsulation isolation， and synergistic effects when combined with other antimicrobial materials | The material is inexpensive， has excellent superhydrophobicity， is self-cleaning， and has photothermal properties | Photothermal performance cannot be controlled or adjusted by the user； there is a risk of inhalation by the mask wearer， leading to lung infection | ［ |
| Bio-based antibacterial and antiviral masks | Sugar， peptides， herbal extracts | Polysaccharides： interact with viral capsid proteins to directly block virus entry； inhibit the production of new viral particles in host cells Peptides： peptides can interact with viruses or host cells to block viral attachment and kill viruses by disrupting their envelope. Interacts with viral polymerase complex or stimulates immune response to inhibit viral replication Herbal extracts： kill microorganisms by disrupting cell membrane function and inhibiting DNA cyclase | It has low toxicity， high antimicrobial activity， mild environmental impact and low cost | The performance of the mask depends on the bacterial filtration and particulate filtration capabilities | ［ |
表2 抗菌抗病毒口罩及其常用材料比较
Table 2 Comparison of antibacterial and antiviral masks and their commonly used materials
| Classification of antibacterial and antiviral masks | Common materials | Antibacterial and antiviral mechanism | Advantages | Disadvantages | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metal-based antibacterial and antiviral masks | Silver nanoparticles， copper nanoparticles， zinc nanoparticles， gold nanoparticles， other metal nanoparticles such as， gallium， tin oxide and iron oxide， TiO2， etc | 1. Nanoparticles attach themselves to viruses， which in turn destroy viruses attached to potential host cells 2. When metal nanoparticles come into contact with bacteria or viruses， they can achieve inactivation of bacteria and viruses by stimulating the production of reactive oxygen species 3. When bacteria or viruses come into contact with metal nanoparticle clusters， the metal nanoparticles adhere to the membrane walls of microorganisms， causing denaturation and inactivation of specific proteins on the surface of the bacteria or viruses， which in turn leads to apoptosis 4. Indirectly destroying the virus by mimicking the nucleus to activate the immune response of the infected cells and inhibit the spread of the virus | Metals and salts in the nano state are strong antibacterial agents that increase the anti-viral effect of the masks | Some metal nanoparticles are expensive， such as gold and silver. These metal-based particles are embedded in masks by infiltration spray embedding， etc. and are easily detached， and certain types of metal ions， such as Cu（Ⅱ） and Zn（Ⅱ）， are cytotoxic | ［ |
| Carbon-based antibacterial and antiviral masks | Carbon dots， carbon nanotubes， graphene oxide | Various mechanisms of antibacterial and antiviral activity of these nanomaterials， including physical/mechanical damage， photocatalytic effects， oxidative stress， lipid extraction， encapsulation isolation， and synergistic effects when combined with other antimicrobial materials | The material is inexpensive， has excellent superhydrophobicity， is self-cleaning， and has photothermal properties | Photothermal performance cannot be controlled or adjusted by the user； there is a risk of inhalation by the mask wearer， leading to lung infection | ［ |
| Bio-based antibacterial and antiviral masks | Sugar， peptides， herbal extracts | Polysaccharides： interact with viral capsid proteins to directly block virus entry； inhibit the production of new viral particles in host cells Peptides： peptides can interact with viruses or host cells to block viral attachment and kill viruses by disrupting their envelope. Interacts with viral polymerase complex or stimulates immune response to inhibit viral replication Herbal extracts： kill microorganisms by disrupting cell membrane function and inhibiting DNA cyclase | It has low toxicity， high antimicrobial activity， mild environmental impact and low cost | The performance of the mask depends on the bacterial filtration and particulate filtration capabilities | ［ |
图3 光动力自我清洁口罩： （A）太阳辐射后， 通过光热、 光催化和疏水性自清洁过程灭活呼吸道飞沫中的病毒的示意图［45］； （B）各种基于个人防护设备的制备示意图（左）和在超低功率光照射下抗冠状病毒原理示意图（右）［50］； （C）可见光照射下捕获和杀灭气载冠状病毒的光敏化电纺纳米纤维过滤层［51］
Fig.3 Photopowered self-cleaning mask： （A） Schematic illustration of the inactivation of the virus in respiratory droplets through photothermal， photocatalytic， and hydrophobic self-cleaning processes after solar irradiation［45］； （B） Schematic diagram of the preparation of various personal protective devices （left） and the principle of against coronavirus upon ultralow-power light irradiation （right）［50］； （C） Photosensitized electrospun nanofibrous filters for capturing and killing airborne coronaviruses under visible light irradiation［51］
图4 基于光热效应的自我清洁口罩： （A）碳纳米管口罩过滤层对SARS-CoV-2光热抗病毒作用［5］； （B）可重复使用的MOS 2改性光热消毒抗菌织物［55］
Fig.4 Self-cleaning mask based on the photothermal effect： （A） The photothermal antiviral effect against SARS-CoV-2［5］；（B） Reusable MOS2 modified photothermal disinfection antibacterial fabric［55］
图5 （A）使用口罩上的Au-TiO2 SERS芯片从呼吸道气溶胶中检测SARS-CoV-2的示意图［67］； （B）高纯度半导体单壁碳纳米管的场效应晶体管， 用于评估临床鼻咽样本中SARS-CoV-2抗原的存在示意图［69］
Fig.5 （A） Schematic illustration of SARS-CoV-2 detection from respiratory breath aerosols using the Au-TiO2 SERS chip on a face mask［67］； （B） Field-effect transistor of high-purity semiconductor single-wall carbon nanotubes for assessing the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antigen in clinical nasopharyngeal samples Schematic diagram［69］
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