Effects of Alloy Elements （Sn， Sb， Si， Mn） on the Electrochemical Performance of Al-Ga-In-M Anode for the Seawater Oxygen-Dissolved Battery

doi:10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.250226

Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry ›› 2026, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (3): 360-372.DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.250226

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Effects of Alloy Elements （Sn， Sb， Si， Mn） on the Electrochemical Performance of Al-Ga-In-M Anode for the Seawater Oxygen-Dissolved Battery

Shuang LIU¹^,², Ti-Gang DUAN²(), Li MA², Ruo-Can LI²^,³, Hou-Ran WU², Hai-Bing ZHANG², Zhen LI²

^1.Chemical Engineering College，Inner Mongolia University of Technology，Hohhot 010051，China
^2.National Key Laboratory of Marine Corrosion and Protection，Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute，Qingdao 266237，China
^3.Yantai Research Institute，Harbin Engineering University，Yantai 264000，China

Received:2025-06-03 Accepted:2025-11-19 Published:2026-03-01 Online:2026-03-26
Contact: Ti-Gang DUAN
About author:duantigang@sunrui.net
Supported by:
the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB3808800)

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Abstract

Abstract:

The Al-Ga-In-M quaternary aluminum alloy anode was obtained by modifying the Al-Ga-In aluminum alloy with alloy elements of Sn， Sb， Si and Mn. The properties of Al-Ga-In-M quaternary aluminum alloy were studied by X-ray diffraction （XRD）， scanning electron microscope （SEM）， electrochemical experiments， and battery discharge tests. The results show that Sn and Sb can improve the electrochemical activity of Al-Ga-In aluminum alloy. Furthermore， Sn displays the most significant increase for the aluminum anode based on the “dissolution and redeposition” mechanism， but serious local corrosion occurs， resulting in a high self-corrosion rate. On the other hand， Si and Mn reduce the electrochemical activity of Al-Ga-In aluminum alloy and show good self-corrosion resistance. When combining the anode with 20% Pt-C composite cathode， Al-Ga-In-Sn alloy has the highest discharge voltage （1.5 V at 0.5 mA/cm² constant current density）， Al-Ga-In-Si alloy anode exhibits excellent discharge capacity （2941 A·h/kg）， and Al-Ga-In-Sb alloy anodes have the highest energy density （1447.4 Wh/kg）.

Key words: Al-Ga-In-M （M=Sn、Sb、Si、Mn） anode, Alloy element modification, Seawater oxygen-dissolved battery, Electrochemical performance

CLC Number:

O614.3

Shuang LIU, Ti-Gang DUAN, Li MA, Ruo-Can LI, Hou-Ran WU, Hai-Bing ZHANG, Zhen LI. Effects of Alloy Elements （Sn， Sb， Si， Mn） on the Electrochemical Performance of Al-Ga-In-M Anode for the Seawater Oxygen-Dissolved Battery[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2026, 43(3): 360-372.

Figures/Tables 10

Table 1 Chemical composition of various Al-Ga-In-M aluminum alloys

Samples	w（elementals）/%
Samples	Al	Ga	In	Sn	Sb	Si	Mn
AGI	Bal.	0.1	0.05	-	-	-	-
AGI-0.02Sn	Bal.	0.1	0.05	0.02	-	-	-
AGI-0.06Sn	Bal.	0.1	0.05	0.06	-	-	-
AGI-0.10Sn	Bal.	0.1	0.05	0.10	-	-	-
AGI-0.05Sb	Bal.	0.1	0.05	-	0.05	-	-
AGI-0.10Sb	Bal.	0.1	0.05	-	0.10	-	-
AGI-0.15Sb	Bal.	0.1	0.05	-	0.15	-	-
AGI-0.05Si	Bal.	0.1	0.05	-	-	0.05	-
AGI-0.10Si	Bal.	0.1	0.05	-	-	0.10	-
AGI-0.15Si	Bal.	0.1	0.05	-	-	0.15	-
AGI-0.05Mn	Bal.	0.1	0.05	-	-	-	0.05
AGI-0.15Mn	Bal.	0.1	0.05	-	-	-	0.15
AGI-0.25Mn	Bal.	0.1	0.05	-	-	-	0.25

Fig.1 XRD patterns of Al-Ga-In-M aluminum alloys

Fig.2 Self-corrosion rates of Al-Ga-In-M aluminum alloys

Fig.3 Macroscopic and microscopic corrosion morphologies of various Al-Ga-In-M aluminum alloy anodes

Fig.4 Open circuit potentials of various AGI-M aluminum alloy anodes

Fig.5 Potentiodynamic polarization curve of Al-Ga-In-M aluminum alloy anodes in natural seawater

Fig.6 Impedance spectra of Al-Ga-In-M aluminum alloys

Fig.7 Constant discharge curves of seawater dissolved oxygen batteries composed of different aluminum alloys at 0.5 mA/cm2 current density

Fig.8 Constant discharge curves of seawater dissolved oxygen batteries composed of different aluminum alloys at 5 mA/cm2 current density

Fig.9 Specific capacity and energy density of seawater dissolved oxygen batteries composed of different aluminum alloys at different current densities

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Effects of Alloy Elements （Sn， Sb， Si， Mn） on the Electrochemical Performance of Al-Ga-In-M Anode for the Seawater Oxygen-Dissolved Battery

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