Research Progress of Sb-based Anode Materials for Potassium Ion Batteries

doi:10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.220151

Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry ›› 2023, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (2): 210-228.DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.220151

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Research Progress of Sb-based Anode Materials for Potassium Ion Batteries

Xue-Jian SHI¹^,², Wan-Qiang LIU², Chun-Li WANG¹(), Yong CHENG¹, Li-Min WANG¹

^1. State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization，Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry，CAS，Changchun 130022，China
^2.School of Materials Science and Engineering，Changchun University of Science and Technology，Changchun 130012，China

Received:2022-04-23 Accepted:2022-08-08 Published:2023-02-01 Online:2023-02-27
Contact: Chun-Li WANG
About author:clwang@ciac.ac.cn
Supported by:
the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFE0198100);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21975250);the Scientific and Technological Developing Project of Jilin Province(20200401031GX);the Open Project Program of Key Laboratory of Preparation and Application of Environmental Friendly Materials （Jilin Normal University）, the Ministry of Education, China(2020005);the Open Program of State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology （Yanshan University）, China(202110)

Abstract

Abstract:

Sb-based materials have become a promising anode for potassium ion batteries （PIBs） due to its advantages of high theoretical specific capacity， abundant reserves， wide sources， environmental friendliness and high safety. However， Sb-based materials generally suffer from many problems such as poor structural stability， sluggish dynamics and indisposed electrical conductivity. In the process of K⁺ de-intercalation， the structure is prone to obvious changes and even material pulverization， resulting in rapid capacity decay and poor cycle stability. Furthermore， the stability of solid electrolyte interface film （SEI） also greatly affects the cycling performances of Sb-based materials. These problems seriously hinder the development of Sb-based materials. Herein， the research progress of various Sb-based materials is summarized， the influence of adjusting structure and electrolyte system on electrochemical performance is emphasized， and the design of Sb-based anode materials for high-performance PIBs is prospected.

Key words: Potassium ion batteries Sb-based anode materials, Optimization of electrolyte, Electrochemical performance

CLC Number:

O646

Xue-Jian SHI, Wan-Qiang LIU, Chun-Li WANG, Yong CHENG, Li-Min WANG. Research Progress of Sb-based Anode Materials for Potassium Ion Batteries[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2023, 40(2): 210-228.

Figures/Tables 10

References 74

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Classify	Electrode material	Synthetic method	Electrolyte（concentration\|solute salt\|solvent）	Rate performance（current density\|capacity）	Cycling performance （current density\|cycle number\|capacity）	Initial coulombic efficiency （ICE）/%	Ref.
Sb-based materials	Sb@RGO	Solvothermal+thermal reduction	0.8 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|PC	0.1 A/g\|381 mA·h/g	0.5 A/g\|200\|210 mA·h/g	-	［7］
	Sb@CNFs	Ion-exchange+thermal reduction	2 mol/L KFSI\|DME	2 A/g\|121 mA·h/g	1 A/g\|1000\|227 mA·h/g	47	［8］
	Sb@C PNFs	Electrospinning+ thermal reduction	1 mol/L KFSI in EC\|DEC	5 A/g\|208.1 mA·h/g	2 A/g\|500\|264 mA·h/g	71.3	［11］
	u-Sb@CNFs	Electrospinning+ thermal reduction	3 mol/L KFSI in DME	5 A/g\|145 mA·h/g	1 A/g\|2000\|225 mA·h/g	48.3	［12］
	Sb@NPMC	Electrospinning+ thermal reduction	0.8 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|DEC	1 A/g\|161 mA·h/g	1 A/g\|1500\|130 mA·h/g	50	［14］
	Sb/CNF-0.5	Electrospinning	1 mol/L KFSI in EC\|DEC	-	0.5 A/g\|500\|403 mA·h/g	64.7	［15］
	Sb/hard carbon	Pyrolysis+ball-milling	0.8 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|DEC	-	0.1 A/g\|50\|285 mA·h/g	44	［16］
	Sb/CNS	Solvothermal	1 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|DMC	2 A/g\|101.4 mA·h/g	0.2 A/g\|600\|247 mA·h/g	48	［17］
	Sb@HCT	Calcination and reduction	1 mol/L KTFSI in EC\|DMC	0.5 A/g\|453.4 mA·h/g	2 A/g\|120\|300.1 mA·h/g	-	［18］
	Sb/DWCNT	-	0.8 mol/L KFSI in EC\|DEC	0.88 A/g\|453 mA·h/g	0.11 A/g\|30\|491 mA·h/g	88.4	［19］
	Sb-P-C	Ball-milling	0.75 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|DEC	-	0.05 A/g\|50\|402 mAh/g	-	［20］
	Sb@G@C	Freeze-dried	3 mol/L KFSI in DME	2 A/g\|127 mA·h/g	1 A/g\|800\|160 mA·h/g	75.8	［21］
	Sb-G-C	Electrospinning	0.8 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|DEC	1 A/g\|120.83 mA·h/g	0.1 A/g\|100\|204.95 mA·h/g	46.84	［22］
	Sb/C/RGO	Freeze-dried	1 mol/L KFSI\|DME	2 A/g\|370 mA·h/g	0.5 A/g\|350\|400 mA·h/g	68	［23］
	Sb₇@G₃	Ball-milling + ultrasonic+	-	1 A/g\|340 mA·h/g	0.2 A/g\|100\|292 mA·h/g	-	［24］
	Sb/RGO	Freeze-dried	0.8 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|DMC	1 A/g\|180 mA·h/g	1 A/g\|100\|140.4 mA·h/g	60.3	［25］
	Sb/rGO	Freeze-dried+thermal reduction	1 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|PC	-	-	61	［26］
	Sb@C-3DP	Ball-milling+thermal reduction	5 mol/L KFSI in DME	1 A/g\|286 mA·h/g	0.5 A/g\|260\|342 mA·h/g	76.2	［27］
	3D SbNPs@C	Template+freeze-dried +carbothermic reduction	0.8 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|DEC	1 A/g\|288 mA·h/g	1 A/g\|50\|225 mA·h/g	70	［28］
	Sb@PC	Liquid-solid absorption	1 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|DEC	2 A/g\|70 mA·h/g	0.5 A/g\|200\|90 mA·h/g	46.2	［29］
	Sb/C	-	0.8 mol/L KFSI in EC\|DEC	-	0.044 A/g\|30\|365 mA·h/g	68	［30］
	Sb@MCMB-3	Ball-milling	3 mol/L KFSI\|DME	5 A/g\|293.9 mA·h/g	1 A/g\|500\|300.1 mA·h/g	54.8	［31］
	Sb-Co	Reduction precipitation	0.8 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|DEC	6 A/g\|377.8 mA·h/g	0.06 A/g\|100\|402.7 mA·h/g	67.9	［32］
	Sn-Sb LSM	Ball-milling	4 mol/L KFSI in EMC	5 A/g\|118 mA·h/g	0.5 A/g\|150\|296 mA·h/g	-	［33］
	MS@C （MoS₂/Sb@C）	Thermal reduction	1 mol/L KFSI\|DME	2 A/g\|235.4 mA·h/g	2 A/g\|1000\|170.1 mA·h/g	59.3	［35］
	Sb@CSN	Electrospray+thermal reduction	4 mol/L KTFSI in EC\|DEC	0.1 A/g\|566 mA·h/g	0.2 A/g\|220\|504 mA·h/g	-	［37］
	3D Se@Sb@C	Template+CVD	0.8 mol/L KFSI in EC\|DEC	10 A/g\|107.7 mA·h/g	5 A/g\|5700\|166.6 mA·h/g	67.5	［38］
	NP-Sb	Vacuum-distillation	0.8 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|DEC	0.5 A/g\|265 mA·h/g	0.1 A/g\|50\|318 mA·h/g	71	［39］
SbM-based materials	3D FeSb@NC	Freeze-dried+thermal reduction	0.8 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|DEC	2 A/g\|119.7 mA·h/g	0.5 A/g\|1000\|135 mA·h/g	-	［40］
	Cu₂Sb@3DPC	Freeze-dried+thermal reduction	0.8 mol/L KPF₆in EC\|DEC	5 A/g\|148 mA·h/g	0.1 A/g\|100\|260 mA·h/g	20.4	［41］
	CoSb@3DPCs	Template+freeze-dried+thermal reduction	0.8 mol/L KPF₆in EC\|DEC	5 A/g\|134 mA·h/g	1 A/g\|500\|287.5 mA·h/g	-	［42］
	Bi_0.5Sb_0.5@P	Solution precipitation	4 mol/L KFSI in DME	6.5A/g\|258.5 mA·h/g	1 A/g\|550\|339.1 mA·h/g	-	［43］
	BiSb@C	NaCl-template	3 mol/L KFSI in DME	2 A/g\|246.8 mA·h/g	0.5 A/g\|1000\|303.5 mA·h/g	82	［44］
	BiSb@C	Freeze-dried+pyrolysis	5 mol/L KFSI in DME	2 A/g\|152 mA·h/g	0.5 A/g\|600\|320 mA·h/g	70.2	［45］
	SnSb@C	NaCl template+thermal reduction	0.8 mol/L KPF₆in EC\|DEC	10 A/g\|58.3 mA·h/g	0.1 A/g\|100\|293 mA·h/g	56.2	［46］
	SnSb	High-energy ball-milling	0.8 mol/L KFSI in EC\|DEC	-	0.1 A/g\|40\|282 mA·h/g	-	［47］
	SnSb@MAC	Polyesterification	4 mol/L KFSI in DME	3.75 A/g\|91.3 mA·h/g	0.5 A/g\|5000\|200 mA·h/g	-	［48］
	SnSb-G-C	Electrospinning+ carbonized	0.8 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|DEC	1 A/g\|207.27 mA·h/g	0.1 A/g\|100\|275.14 mA·h/g	52.53	［49］
	3D SnSb@NC	NaCl template+ pyrolysis	0.5 mol/L KPF₆ in DME	2 A/g\|116.6 mA·h/g	0.5 A/g\|200\|185.8 mA·h/g	-	［51］
	BiSb@TCS	Spraying+thermal reduction	3 mol/L KFSI\|DME	6 A/g\|119.3 mA·h/g	2 A/g\|5700\|181 mA·h/g	64.8	［52］
	FeSb@C/N?3DC/N	Green salt template	0.8 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|DEC	0.1 A/g\|614 mA·h/g	0.308 A/g\|1000\|245 mA·h/g	-	［53］
Sb _x O _y -based materials	BiSb@Bi₂O₃/SbO _x @C	Template+pyrogenic decomposition	0.8 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|DEC	2 A/g\|111 mA·h/g	1 A/g\|500\|214 mA·h/g	34	［54］
	Sb/Sb₂O₄/Fe₃C	Freeze-dried+heat treatment	1 mol/L KPF₆ in DME	2 A/g\|135 mA·h/g	2 A/g\|1244\|108 mA·h/g	-	［55］
	PAA?N-RGO（PAA， H₂Sb₂O₆·nH₂O）	One-pot synthesis	1 mol/L KPF₆ in EC/DMC/EMC	2 A/g\|96 mA·h/g	0.5 A/g\|1000\|124 mA·h/g	51	［56］
	HTSb @Sb₂O₃@C-4	NaCl template+ pyrolysis	0.8 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|DMC	0.1A/g\|543.9 mA·h/g	2 A/g\|2000\|273 mA·h/g	21.6	［57］
	Sb@Sb₂O₃@N-3DCHs	Spray drying+heat treatment	3 mol/L KFSI in DME	5 A/g\|239 mA·h/g	2 A/g\|10000\|319 mA·h/g	-	［58］
Sb _x S _y -based materials	Sb₂S₃@C	Hydrothermal +carbonization	1 mol/L KFSI in DME	1 A/g\|163 mA·h/g	0.05 A/g\|50\|293 mA·h/g	-	［59］
	Sb₂S₃-SNG	Freeze-dried	1 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|DEC	1 A/g\|340 mA·h/g	0.05 A/g\|100\|537 mA·h/g	69.7	［60］
	（Bi，Sb）₂S₃	In situ alloying	3 mol/L KFSI in DME	1 A/g\|300 mA·h/g	0.5 A/g\|1000\|353 mA·h/g	51.9	［61］
	Sb₂S₃-rGO	Heat treatment	1 mol/L KPF₆in EC\|DEC	-	0.05 A/g\|50\|110 mAh/g	-	［62］
	Sb₂S₃@PPy	Sonication+freeze-dried	0.8 mol/L KPF₆in EC\|DEC	2 A/g\|220 mA·h/g	1 A/g\|50\|157 mA·h/g	63.7	［63］
	Sb/Sb₂S₃@CHT	Hydrothermal+ coating+carbonization	4 mol/L KFSI in DME	2 A/g\|173.2 mA·h/g	1 A/g\|3500\|147.5 mA·h/g	62.3	［64］
	CAS-Ti₃C₂（Cu₁₂Sb₄S₁₃， CAS）	Acoustic degradation +thermal injection	0.8 mol/L KPF₆in EC\|DEC	5 A/g\|163.3 mA·h/g	1 A/g\|1800\|175.6 mA·h/g	57.2	［65］
Sb _x Se _y -based materials	Sb₂Se₃@h-rGO	Vacuum filtration+ thermal reduction	0.8 mol/L KFSI in EC\|DMC	2 A/g\|73 mA·h/g	0.1 A/g\|500\|382.8 mA·h/g	66	［66］
Sb _x Se _y -based materials	Sb₂Se₃@RGO	Hydrothermal+selenization	0.8 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|PC	0.1 A/g\|391.4 mA·h/g	0.5 A/g\|460\|203.4 mA·h/g	49	［67］
Other Sb-based materials	Bi_0.51Sb_0.49OCl/rGO	Sol-gel+freeze-dried	3 mol/L KFSI in DME	1 A/g\|319 mA·h/g	0.1 A/g\|1000\|360 mA·h/g	55.9	［68］
	Sb₂MoO₆/rGO	Hydrothermal	3 mol/L KFSI in DME	0.2 A/g\|381 mA·h/g	0.5 A/g\|100\|247 mA·h/g	55.7	［69］
	SbVO₄@RGO	Solvothermal	5 mol/L KFSI in EC\| DMC	0.1 A/g\|447.9 mA·h/g	0.1 A/g\|500\|210.1 mA·h/g	29.2	［70］
Opitimi cation of electrolyte	Micro-Sized Sb	Chemical reduction	1 mol/L KFSI in EGDE	5 A/g \|225 mA·h/g	0.1 A/g\|180\|573 mA·h/g	69.4	［73］
Opitimi cation of electrolyte	Micro-Sized Sb	Commercial Sb powder	4 mol/L KFSI in DME	3 A/g\|305 mA·h/g	0.2 A/g\|200\|553 mA·h/g	-	［74］

Classify	Electrode material	Synthetic method	Electrolyte（concentration\|solute salt\|solvent）	Rate performance（current density\|capacity）	Cycling performance （current density\|cycle number\|capacity）	Initial coulombic efficiency （ICE）/%	Ref.
Sb-based materials	Sb@RGO	Solvothermal+thermal reduction	0.8 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|PC	0.1 A/g\|381 mA·h/g	0.5 A/g\|200\|210 mA·h/g	-	［7］
	Sb@CNFs	Ion-exchange+thermal reduction	2 mol/L KFSI\|DME	2 A/g\|121 mA·h/g	1 A/g\|1000\|227 mA·h/g	47	［8］
	Sb@C PNFs	Electrospinning+ thermal reduction	1 mol/L KFSI in EC\|DEC	5 A/g\|208.1 mA·h/g	2 A/g\|500\|264 mA·h/g	71.3	［11］
	u-Sb@CNFs	Electrospinning+ thermal reduction	3 mol/L KFSI in DME	5 A/g\|145 mA·h/g	1 A/g\|2000\|225 mA·h/g	48.3	［12］
	Sb@NPMC	Electrospinning+ thermal reduction	0.8 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|DEC	1 A/g\|161 mA·h/g	1 A/g\|1500\|130 mA·h/g	50	［14］
	Sb/CNF-0.5	Electrospinning	1 mol/L KFSI in EC\|DEC	-	0.5 A/g\|500\|403 mA·h/g	64.7	［15］
	Sb/hard carbon	Pyrolysis+ball-milling	0.8 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|DEC	-	0.1 A/g\|50\|285 mA·h/g	44	［16］
	Sb/CNS	Solvothermal	1 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|DMC	2 A/g\|101.4 mA·h/g	0.2 A/g\|600\|247 mA·h/g	48	［17］
	Sb@HCT	Calcination and reduction	1 mol/L KTFSI in EC\|DMC	0.5 A/g\|453.4 mA·h/g	2 A/g\|120\|300.1 mA·h/g	-	［18］
	Sb/DWCNT	-	0.8 mol/L KFSI in EC\|DEC	0.88 A/g\|453 mA·h/g	0.11 A/g\|30\|491 mA·h/g	88.4	［19］
	Sb-P-C	Ball-milling	0.75 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|DEC	-	0.05 A/g\|50\|402 mAh/g	-	［20］
	Sb@G@C	Freeze-dried	3 mol/L KFSI in DME	2 A/g\|127 mA·h/g	1 A/g\|800\|160 mA·h/g	75.8	［21］
	Sb-G-C	Electrospinning	0.8 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|DEC	1 A/g\|120.83 mA·h/g	0.1 A/g\|100\|204.95 mA·h/g	46.84	［22］
	Sb/C/RGO	Freeze-dried	1 mol/L KFSI\|DME	2 A/g\|370 mA·h/g	0.5 A/g\|350\|400 mA·h/g	68	［23］
	Sb₇@G₃	Ball-milling + ultrasonic+	-	1 A/g\|340 mA·h/g	0.2 A/g\|100\|292 mA·h/g	-	［24］
	Sb/RGO	Freeze-dried	0.8 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|DMC	1 A/g\|180 mA·h/g	1 A/g\|100\|140.4 mA·h/g	60.3	［25］
	Sb/rGO	Freeze-dried+thermal reduction	1 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|PC	-	-	61	［26］
	Sb@C-3DP	Ball-milling+thermal reduction	5 mol/L KFSI in DME	1 A/g\|286 mA·h/g	0.5 A/g\|260\|342 mA·h/g	76.2	［27］
	3D SbNPs@C	Template+freeze-dried +carbothermic reduction	0.8 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|DEC	1 A/g\|288 mA·h/g	1 A/g\|50\|225 mA·h/g	70	［28］
	Sb@PC	Liquid-solid absorption	1 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|DEC	2 A/g\|70 mA·h/g	0.5 A/g\|200\|90 mA·h/g	46.2	［29］
	Sb/C	-	0.8 mol/L KFSI in EC\|DEC	-	0.044 A/g\|30\|365 mA·h/g	68	［30］
	Sb@MCMB-3	Ball-milling	3 mol/L KFSI\|DME	5 A/g\|293.9 mA·h/g	1 A/g\|500\|300.1 mA·h/g	54.8	［31］
	Sb-Co	Reduction precipitation	0.8 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|DEC	6 A/g\|377.8 mA·h/g	0.06 A/g\|100\|402.7 mA·h/g	67.9	［32］
	Sn-Sb LSM	Ball-milling	4 mol/L KFSI in EMC	5 A/g\|118 mA·h/g	0.5 A/g\|150\|296 mA·h/g	-	［33］
	MS@C （MoS₂/Sb@C）	Thermal reduction	1 mol/L KFSI\|DME	2 A/g\|235.4 mA·h/g	2 A/g\|1000\|170.1 mA·h/g	59.3	［35］
	Sb@CSN	Electrospray+thermal reduction	4 mol/L KTFSI in EC\|DEC	0.1 A/g\|566 mA·h/g	0.2 A/g\|220\|504 mA·h/g	-	［37］
	3D Se@Sb@C	Template+CVD	0.8 mol/L KFSI in EC\|DEC	10 A/g\|107.7 mA·h/g	5 A/g\|5700\|166.6 mA·h/g	67.5	［38］
	NP-Sb	Vacuum-distillation	0.8 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|DEC	0.5 A/g\|265 mA·h/g	0.1 A/g\|50\|318 mA·h/g	71	［39］
SbM-based materials	3D FeSb@NC	Freeze-dried+thermal reduction	0.8 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|DEC	2 A/g\|119.7 mA·h/g	0.5 A/g\|1000\|135 mA·h/g	-	［40］
	Cu₂Sb@3DPC	Freeze-dried+thermal reduction	0.8 mol/L KPF₆in EC\|DEC	5 A/g\|148 mA·h/g	0.1 A/g\|100\|260 mA·h/g	20.4	［41］
	CoSb@3DPCs	Template+freeze-dried+thermal reduction	0.8 mol/L KPF₆in EC\|DEC	5 A/g\|134 mA·h/g	1 A/g\|500\|287.5 mA·h/g	-	［42］
	Bi_0.5Sb_0.5@P	Solution precipitation	4 mol/L KFSI in DME	6.5A/g\|258.5 mA·h/g	1 A/g\|550\|339.1 mA·h/g	-	［43］
	BiSb@C	NaCl-template	3 mol/L KFSI in DME	2 A/g\|246.8 mA·h/g	0.5 A/g\|1000\|303.5 mA·h/g	82	［44］
	BiSb@C	Freeze-dried+pyrolysis	5 mol/L KFSI in DME	2 A/g\|152 mA·h/g	0.5 A/g\|600\|320 mA·h/g	70.2	［45］
	SnSb@C	NaCl template+thermal reduction	0.8 mol/L KPF₆in EC\|DEC	10 A/g\|58.3 mA·h/g	0.1 A/g\|100\|293 mA·h/g	56.2	［46］
	SnSb	High-energy ball-milling	0.8 mol/L KFSI in EC\|DEC	-	0.1 A/g\|40\|282 mA·h/g	-	［47］
	SnSb@MAC	Polyesterification	4 mol/L KFSI in DME	3.75 A/g\|91.3 mA·h/g	0.5 A/g\|5000\|200 mA·h/g	-	［48］
	SnSb-G-C	Electrospinning+ carbonized	0.8 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|DEC	1 A/g\|207.27 mA·h/g	0.1 A/g\|100\|275.14 mA·h/g	52.53	［49］
	3D SnSb@NC	NaCl template+ pyrolysis	0.5 mol/L KPF₆ in DME	2 A/g\|116.6 mA·h/g	0.5 A/g\|200\|185.8 mA·h/g	-	［51］
	BiSb@TCS	Spraying+thermal reduction	3 mol/L KFSI\|DME	6 A/g\|119.3 mA·h/g	2 A/g\|5700\|181 mA·h/g	64.8	［52］
	FeSb@C/N?3DC/N	Green salt template	0.8 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|DEC	0.1 A/g\|614 mA·h/g	0.308 A/g\|1000\|245 mA·h/g	-	［53］
Sb _x O _y -based materials	BiSb@Bi₂O₃/SbO _x @C	Template+pyrogenic decomposition	0.8 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|DEC	2 A/g\|111 mA·h/g	1 A/g\|500\|214 mA·h/g	34	［54］
	Sb/Sb₂O₄/Fe₃C	Freeze-dried+heat treatment	1 mol/L KPF₆ in DME	2 A/g\|135 mA·h/g	2 A/g\|1244\|108 mA·h/g	-	［55］
	PAA?N-RGO（PAA， H₂Sb₂O₆·nH₂O）	One-pot synthesis	1 mol/L KPF₆ in EC/DMC/EMC	2 A/g\|96 mA·h/g	0.5 A/g\|1000\|124 mA·h/g	51	［56］
	HTSb @Sb₂O₃@C-4	NaCl template+ pyrolysis	0.8 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|DMC	0.1A/g\|543.9 mA·h/g	2 A/g\|2000\|273 mA·h/g	21.6	［57］
	Sb@Sb₂O₃@N-3DCHs	Spray drying+heat treatment	3 mol/L KFSI in DME	5 A/g\|239 mA·h/g	2 A/g\|10000\|319 mA·h/g	-	［58］
Sb _x S _y -based materials	Sb₂S₃@C	Hydrothermal +carbonization	1 mol/L KFSI in DME	1 A/g\|163 mA·h/g	0.05 A/g\|50\|293 mA·h/g	-	［59］
	Sb₂S₃-SNG	Freeze-dried	1 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|DEC	1 A/g\|340 mA·h/g	0.05 A/g\|100\|537 mA·h/g	69.7	［60］
	（Bi，Sb）₂S₃	In situ alloying	3 mol/L KFSI in DME	1 A/g\|300 mA·h/g	0.5 A/g\|1000\|353 mA·h/g	51.9	［61］
	Sb₂S₃-rGO	Heat treatment	1 mol/L KPF₆in EC\|DEC	-	0.05 A/g\|50\|110 mAh/g	-	［62］
	Sb₂S₃@PPy	Sonication+freeze-dried	0.8 mol/L KPF₆in EC\|DEC	2 A/g\|220 mA·h/g	1 A/g\|50\|157 mA·h/g	63.7	［63］
	Sb/Sb₂S₃@CHT	Hydrothermal+ coating+carbonization	4 mol/L KFSI in DME	2 A/g\|173.2 mA·h/g	1 A/g\|3500\|147.5 mA·h/g	62.3	［64］
	CAS-Ti₃C₂（Cu₁₂Sb₄S₁₃， CAS）	Acoustic degradation +thermal injection	0.8 mol/L KPF₆in EC\|DEC	5 A/g\|163.3 mA·h/g	1 A/g\|1800\|175.6 mA·h/g	57.2	［65］
Sb _x Se _y -based materials	Sb₂Se₃@h-rGO	Vacuum filtration+ thermal reduction	0.8 mol/L KFSI in EC\|DMC	2 A/g\|73 mA·h/g	0.1 A/g\|500\|382.8 mA·h/g	66	［66］
Sb _x Se _y -based materials	Sb₂Se₃@RGO	Hydrothermal+selenization	0.8 mol/L KPF₆ in EC\|PC	0.1 A/g\|391.4 mA·h/g	0.5 A/g\|460\|203.4 mA·h/g	49	［67］
Other Sb-based materials	Bi_0.51Sb_0.49OCl/rGO	Sol-gel+freeze-dried	3 mol/L KFSI in DME	1 A/g\|319 mA·h/g	0.1 A/g\|1000\|360 mA·h/g	55.9	［68］
	Sb₂MoO₆/rGO	Hydrothermal	3 mol/L KFSI in DME	0.2 A/g\|381 mA·h/g	0.5 A/g\|100\|247 mA·h/g	55.7	［69］
	SbVO₄@RGO	Solvothermal	5 mol/L KFSI in EC\| DMC	0.1 A/g\|447.9 mA·h/g	0.1 A/g\|500\|210.1 mA·h/g	29.2	［70］
Opitimi cation of electrolyte	Micro-Sized Sb	Chemical reduction	1 mol/L KFSI in EGDE	5 A/g \|225 mA·h/g	0.1 A/g\|180\|573 mA·h/g	69.4	［73］
Opitimi cation of electrolyte	Micro-Sized Sb	Commercial Sb powder	4 mol/L KFSI in DME	3 A/g\|305 mA·h/g	0.2 A/g\|200\|553 mA·h/g	-	［74］

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Research Progress of Sb-based Anode Materials for Potassium Ion Batteries

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