
Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry ›› 2025, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (3): 416-428.DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.240177
• Chemistry Teaching and Experiment Innovation • Previous Articles
Yi-En DU1(), Shao-Hua GUO2(
), Ai-Hua ZHANG1
Received:
2024-06-05
Accepted:
2024-12-23
Published:
2025-03-01
Online:
2025-04-11
Contact:
Yi-En DU,Shao-Hua GUO
About author:
shguo@nju.edu.cnSupported by:
CLC Number:
Yi-En DU, Shao-Hua GUO, Ai-Hua ZHANG. Optimization of Preparation and Characterization of Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate Crystals[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2025, 42(3): 416-428.
Fig.3 The CuSO4·5H2O-C crystals were prepared (A) by heating a solution with an alcohol lamp until a crystalline film formed, and by heating solutions to 20 mL with (B) an alcohol lamp and (C) a water bath; CuSO4·5H2O-R crystals were recrystallized by reducing the volume of the respective crude crystal solutions to 10 mL: (D) water bath heating of solution (A), (E) alcohol lamp heating of solution (B), and (F) water bath heating of solution (C)
编号 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
---|---|---|---|
CuSO4溶液的加热方式 | 酒精灯加热至出现晶膜 | 酒精灯加热至溶液为20 mL | 水浴加热至溶液为20 mL |
CuSO4·5H2O-C颜色 | 浅蓝色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 |
m(CuSO4·5H2O-C)/g | 8.59 | 11.20 | 11.56 |
y(CuSO4·5H2O-R)/% | 72.88 | 95.02 | 98.07 |
m(CuSO4·5H2O-C)/g | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 |
CuSO4·5H2O-R颜色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 |
m(CuSO4·5H2O-R)/g | 4.85 | 5.19 | 5.26 |
y(CuSO4·5H2O-R)/% | 58.91 | 82.19 | 85.97 |
Table 1 Effect of heating mode on product
编号 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
---|---|---|---|
CuSO4溶液的加热方式 | 酒精灯加热至出现晶膜 | 酒精灯加热至溶液为20 mL | 水浴加热至溶液为20 mL |
CuSO4·5H2O-C颜色 | 浅蓝色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 |
m(CuSO4·5H2O-C)/g | 8.59 | 11.20 | 11.56 |
y(CuSO4·5H2O-R)/% | 72.88 | 95.02 | 98.07 |
m(CuSO4·5H2O-C)/g | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 |
CuSO4·5H2O-R颜色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 |
m(CuSO4·5H2O-R)/g | 4.85 | 5.19 | 5.26 |
y(CuSO4·5H2O-R)/% | 58.91 | 82.19 | 85.97 |
Fig.4 XRD patterns of CuSO4·5H2O-C crystals prepared by (a) heating with an alcohol lamp until a crystalline film appears on the surface and by heating the solution to 20 mL using (b) an alcohol lamp and (c) a water bath heating method; XRD patterns of CuSO4·5H2O-R crystals prepared by reducing the volume of the respective crude crystal solutions to 10 mL: (d) water bath heating of solution (a), (e) alcohol lamp heating of solution (b), and (f) water bath heating of solution (c)
编号 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
---|---|---|---|---|
T(H2O)/℃ | 30 | 50 | 70 | 90 |
CuSO4·5H2O-C颜色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 |
m(CuSO4·5H2O-C)/g | 11.37 | 11.46 | 11.43 | 11.39 |
y(CuSO4·5H2O-C)/% | 96.46 | 97.23 | 96.97 | 96.63 |
m(重结晶用CuSO4·5H2O-C)/g | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 |
CuSO4·5H2O-R颜色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 |
m(CuSO4·5H2O-R)/g | 5.25 | 5.32 | 5.31 | 5.25 |
y(CuSO4·5H2O-R)/% | 84.40 | 86.21 | 85.82 | 84.55 |
Table 2 Effect of water bath temperature on products
编号 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
---|---|---|---|---|
T(H2O)/℃ | 30 | 50 | 70 | 90 |
CuSO4·5H2O-C颜色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 |
m(CuSO4·5H2O-C)/g | 11.37 | 11.46 | 11.43 | 11.39 |
y(CuSO4·5H2O-C)/% | 96.46 | 97.23 | 96.97 | 96.63 |
m(重结晶用CuSO4·5H2O-C)/g | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 |
CuSO4·5H2O-R颜色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 |
m(CuSO4·5H2O-R)/g | 5.25 | 5.32 | 5.31 | 5.25 |
y(CuSO4·5H2O-R)/% | 84.40 | 86.21 | 85.82 | 84.55 |
编号 | 5 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|
c(H2SO4)/(mol·L-1) | 3 | 6 | 9 |
CuSO4·5H2O-C颜色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 |
m(CuSO4·5H2O-C)/g | 11.46 | 11.36 | 11.39 |
y(CuSO4·5H2O-C)/% | 97.23 | 96.38 | 96.63 |
m(重结晶所用CuSO4·5H2O-C)/g | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 |
CuSO4·5H2O-R颜色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 |
m(CuSO4·5H2O-R)/g | 5.32 | 5.34 | 5.30 |
y(CuSO4·5H2O-R)/% | 86.21 | 85.78 | 85.36 |
Table 3 Effect of sulfuric acid solution concentration on products
编号 | 5 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|
c(H2SO4)/(mol·L-1) | 3 | 6 | 9 |
CuSO4·5H2O-C颜色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 |
m(CuSO4·5H2O-C)/g | 11.46 | 11.36 | 11.39 |
y(CuSO4·5H2O-C)/% | 97.23 | 96.38 | 96.63 |
m(重结晶所用CuSO4·5H2O-C)/g | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 |
CuSO4·5H2O-R颜色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 |
m(CuSO4·5H2O-R)/g | 5.32 | 5.34 | 5.30 |
y(CuSO4·5H2O-R)/% | 86.21 | 85.78 | 85.36 |
编号 | 5 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
---|---|---|---|---|
V(浓HNO3)/mL | 6 | 3 | 9 | 12 |
CuSO4·5H2O-C颜色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 |
m(CuSO4·5H2O-C)/g | 11.46 | 11.43 | 11.41 | 11.37 |
y(CuSO4·5H2O-C)/% | 97.23 | 96.97 | 96.80 | 96.46 |
m(重结晶用CuSO4·5H2O-C)/g | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 |
CuSO4·5H2O-R颜色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 |
m(CuSO4·5H2O-R)/g | 5.32 | 5.20 | 5.27 | 5.15 |
y(CuSO4·5H2O-R)/% | 86.21 | 84.04 | 85.02 | 82.79 |
Table 4 Effect of concentrated HNO3 volume on the products
编号 | 5 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
---|---|---|---|---|
V(浓HNO3)/mL | 6 | 3 | 9 | 12 |
CuSO4·5H2O-C颜色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 |
m(CuSO4·5H2O-C)/g | 11.46 | 11.43 | 11.41 | 11.37 |
y(CuSO4·5H2O-C)/% | 97.23 | 96.97 | 96.80 | 96.46 |
m(重结晶用CuSO4·5H2O-C)/g | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 6.00 |
CuSO4·5H2O-R颜色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 |
m(CuSO4·5H2O-R)/g | 5.32 | 5.20 | 5.27 | 5.15 |
y(CuSO4·5H2O-R)/% | 86.21 | 84.04 | 85.02 | 82.79 |
编号 | 13 | 14 |
---|---|---|
c(HNO3)/(mol·L-1) | 3 | 6 |
V(HNO3)/mL | 15 | 15 |
CuSO4·5H2O-C颜色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 |
m(CuSO4·5H2O-C)/g | 11.60 | 11.54 |
y(CuSO4·5H2O-C)/% | 98.41 | 97.90 |
m(重结晶用CuSO4·5H2O-C)/g | 6.00 | 6.00 |
CuSO4·5H2O-R颜色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 |
m(CuSO4·5H2O-R)/g | 5.23 | 5.20 |
y(CuSO4·5H2O-R)/% | 85.78 | 84.85 |
Table 5 Effect of HNO3 concentration on products
编号 | 13 | 14 |
---|---|---|
c(HNO3)/(mol·L-1) | 3 | 6 |
V(HNO3)/mL | 15 | 15 |
CuSO4·5H2O-C颜色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 |
m(CuSO4·5H2O-C)/g | 11.60 | 11.54 |
y(CuSO4·5H2O-C)/% | 98.41 | 97.90 |
m(重结晶用CuSO4·5H2O-C)/g | 6.00 | 6.00 |
CuSO4·5H2O-R颜色 | 蓝色 | 蓝色 |
m(CuSO4·5H2O-R)/g | 5.23 | 5.20 |
y(CuSO4·5H2O-R)/% | 85.78 | 84.85 |
编号 | 5 | 13 | 14 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m(CuSO4·xH2O)/mg | 失去H2O/个 | m(CuSO4·xH2O)/mg | 失去H2O/个 | m(CuSO4·xH2O)/mg | 失去H2O/个 | |
升温前 | 13.33366 | 0 | 12.56798 | 0 | 13.06236 | 0 |
94 ℃ | 11.36896 | 1.531 | 10.80421 | 1.446 | 11.37396 | 1.315 |
104 ℃ | 11.33269 | 1.594 | 10.73752 | 1.510 | 11.33377 | 1.351 |
128 ℃ | 9.51743 | 3.552 | 9.06845 | 3.419 | 9.54741 | 3.261 |
208 ℃ | 9.43013 | 3.667 | 9.00937 | 3.499 | 9.48985 | 3.335 |
256 ℃ | 8.54975 | 4.957 | 8.16050 | 4.784 | 8.58863 | 4.615 |
618 ℃ | 8.53085 | 4.988 | 8.04777 | 4.979 | 8.46873 | 4.806 |
Table 6 The mass of the three selected CuSO4·xH2O crystal samples and the number of water molecules lost
编号 | 5 | 13 | 14 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m(CuSO4·xH2O)/mg | 失去H2O/个 | m(CuSO4·xH2O)/mg | 失去H2O/个 | m(CuSO4·xH2O)/mg | 失去H2O/个 | |
升温前 | 13.33366 | 0 | 12.56798 | 0 | 13.06236 | 0 |
94 ℃ | 11.36896 | 1.531 | 10.80421 | 1.446 | 11.37396 | 1.315 |
104 ℃ | 11.33269 | 1.594 | 10.73752 | 1.510 | 11.33377 | 1.351 |
128 ℃ | 9.51743 | 3.552 | 9.06845 | 3.419 | 9.54741 | 3.261 |
208 ℃ | 9.43013 | 3.667 | 9.00937 | 3.499 | 9.48985 | 3.335 |
256 ℃ | 8.54975 | 4.957 | 8.16050 | 4.784 | 8.58863 | 4.615 |
618 ℃ | 8.53085 | 4.988 | 8.04777 | 4.979 | 8.46873 | 4.806 |
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