纳米材料传感器在免疫球蛋白G检测中的应用研究进展

doi:10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.250245

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

免疫球蛋白G（IgG）作为体液免疫系统的核心效应分子，在疾病诊断、疗效评估及感染监测中发挥着不可替代的生物标志物作用，其精准检测是个性化医疗的重要技术基石。纳米材料凭借其高比表面积效应、可调控表面化学特性及多重信号转换能力，为构建新型IgG生物传感器提供了创新性解决方案，突破了传统检测方法在灵敏度、检测限及成本控制方面的技术瓶颈。本文系统综述了基于贵金属纳米材料、金属衍生纳米材料、碳基纳米材料、量子点纳米材料和稀土掺杂上转换纳米材料等生物传感器在检测IgG中的应用现状，并进行了优劣势分析，为开发高灵敏、低成本和便携式IgG检测生物传感器提供思路和依据。

关键词: 纳米材料, 生物标志物, 生物传感器, 免疫球蛋白G, IgG检测

Abstract:

Immunoglobulin G （IgG）， serving as the pivotal effector molecule in humoral immunity， plays an irreplaceable role as a biomarker in disease diagnosis， therapeutic evaluation， and infection surveillance. Its accurate detection constitutes a fundamental technological cornerstone for personalized medicine. Nanomaterials have emerged as innovative solutions for constructing next-generation IgG biosensors by leveraging their exceptional surface-to-volume ratios， tunable surface chemical properties， and multifaceted signal transduction capabilities， thereby overcoming the inherent limitations of conventional detection methods in sensitivity， detection thresholds， and cost-effectiveness. This review systematically examines recent advancements in IgG detection biosensors utilizing noble metal nanomaterials， metal derivative nanomaterials， carbon nanomaterials， quantum dots， and rare-earth-doped upconversion nanoparticles. Through comparative analysis of their advantages and disadvantages， we provide critical insights for developing high-sensitivity， cost-efficient， and portable IgG detection platforms.

Key words: Nanomaterials, Biomarker, Biosensor, Immunoglobulin G, IgG detection

中图分类号:

O652

宿欣瑶, 赵伟馨, 王施晗, 代佳珍, 王尚洋, 彭微, 李淑荣, 张凌燕, 孟佩俊. 纳米材料传感器在免疫球蛋白G检测中的应用研究进展[J]. 应用化学, 2025, 42(12): 1593-1607.

Xin-Yao SU, Wei-Xin ZHAO, Shi-Han WANG, Jia-Zhen DAI, Shang-Yang WANG, Wei PENG, Shu-Rong LI, Ling-Yan ZHANG, Pei-Jun MENG. Research Progress in the Application of Nanomaterial Sensors for Immunoglobulin G Detection[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2025, 42(12): 1593-1607.

图/表 7

参考文献 71

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Nanomaterials			Sensor type	Target detectors	LOD/（ng·mL^-1）	Linear range/（ng·mL^-1）	Ref.
Noble metal nano-materials		AuNCs	Electrochemiluminescence sensor	IgG	0.06	0.5~5.0×10⁴	［20］
		AuNPs	Electrochemical sensor	IgG	0.2	1.37~145	［21］
		Au/Pt NCs	Optical sensor	anti-RBD IgG	0.52	0.5~100	［24］
		AuNPs	Piezoelectric sensors	IgG	2.6	0~20	［22］
		Au/Pt NCs	Electrochemical sensor	anti-RBD IgG	8.22	50~300	［24］
		Ti₃C₂T _x MXene/AuNPs	Optical sensor	IgG	170	5×10³~3×10⁴	［23］
Metal deriva-tive nano-materials	Metal oxide NPs	Fe₃O₄	Electrochemiluminescence sensor	IgG	4.9×10^-9	1×10^-8~1×10³	［31］
		Fe₃O₄	Fluorescence sensor	IgG	0.004	0.005~40	［26］
		ZrO₂	Electrochemical sensor	IgG	0.011	0.01~4×103	［28］
		ZnO@Au	Optical sensor	IgG	37.5	37.5~4.0×10⁴	［30］
	Metal organic framework nanomaterials	CuFe-MOF	Electrochemical sensor	IgG	4.5×10^-4	0.001~50	［42］
		Cu-MOF	Electrochemical sensor	IgG	3×10^-3	0.01~10	［38］
		Ni/Co-MOF	Electrochemical sensor	IgG	4.1×10^-3	4.5×10^-3~1.5×10³	［41］
		MOF@PtNi	Catalytic sensors	IgG	0.269	0.5~1×10^-5	［43］
		MOF@PtNi	Colorimetric sensors	IgG	0.378	0.5~1×10^-5	［43］
Carbon nanomaterials		Cu/GO	Electrochemical sensor	IgG	2.0×10^-4	1.0×10^-3~5.0×10^-1	［51］
		AgNPs/rGO	Electrochemical sensor	IgG	8.6×10^-4	1×10^-3~5×10^-2； 5×10^-2~5×10²	［50］
		AuNRs/Graphene	Optical sensor	IgG	1.22	2.5~2.5×10⁴	［54］
		GQDs	Electrochemical sensor	anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG	2.028	0.5~100	［53］
		Graphene	Electrochemical sensor	DENV IgG	22.5	125~2×10³	［52］
		Cu/GO	Electrochemical sensor	glucose	2.16×10⁴	1.8×10⁴~2.25×10⁶	［51］
Quantum dot nanomaterials		CdS@SiO₂ QDs	Optical sensor	IgG	1.237×10^-8	5.0×10^-8~1.0×10⁴	［64］
		CdS QDs	Optical sensor （PL）	IgG	9.3×10^-7	2×10^-6~1×10²	［62］
			Optical sensor （MRRS）	IgG	1.10×10^-6	5×10^-6~1×10²	［62］
		CdSeTeS QDs	Fluorescence sensor	anti-HEV IgG	8.7×10^-5	1×10^-4~1	［61］
		CdTe QDs	Electrochemical sensor	IgG	0.26	0.75~7.5×10⁶	［63］
Rare-earth-doped upconversion nanoparticles		NaYF₄∶Yb³⁺，Er³⁺	Fluorescence sensor	SARS-Cov-2 IgG	0.1	0.1~10	［69］

Nanomaterials			Sensor type	Target detectors	LOD/（ng·mL^-1）	Linear range/（ng·mL^-1）	Ref.
Noble metal nano-materials		AuNCs	Electrochemiluminescence sensor	IgG	0.06	0.5~5.0×10⁴	［20］
		AuNPs	Electrochemical sensor	IgG	0.2	1.37~145	［21］
		Au/Pt NCs	Optical sensor	anti-RBD IgG	0.52	0.5~100	［24］
		AuNPs	Piezoelectric sensors	IgG	2.6	0~20	［22］
		Au/Pt NCs	Electrochemical sensor	anti-RBD IgG	8.22	50~300	［24］
		Ti₃C₂T _x MXene/AuNPs	Optical sensor	IgG	170	5×10³~3×10⁴	［23］
Metal deriva-tive nano-materials	Metal oxide NPs	Fe₃O₄	Electrochemiluminescence sensor	IgG	4.9×10^-9	1×10^-8~1×10³	［31］
		Fe₃O₄	Fluorescence sensor	IgG	0.004	0.005~40	［26］
		ZrO₂	Electrochemical sensor	IgG	0.011	0.01~4×103	［28］
		ZnO@Au	Optical sensor	IgG	37.5	37.5~4.0×10⁴	［30］
	Metal organic framework nanomaterials	CuFe-MOF	Electrochemical sensor	IgG	4.5×10^-4	0.001~50	［42］
		Cu-MOF	Electrochemical sensor	IgG	3×10^-3	0.01~10	［38］
		Ni/Co-MOF	Electrochemical sensor	IgG	4.1×10^-3	4.5×10^-3~1.5×10³	［41］
		MOF@PtNi	Catalytic sensors	IgG	0.269	0.5~1×10^-5	［43］
		MOF@PtNi	Colorimetric sensors	IgG	0.378	0.5~1×10^-5	［43］
Carbon nanomaterials		Cu/GO	Electrochemical sensor	IgG	2.0×10^-4	1.0×10^-3~5.0×10^-1	［51］
		AgNPs/rGO	Electrochemical sensor	IgG	8.6×10^-4	1×10^-3~5×10^-2； 5×10^-2~5×10²	［50］
		AuNRs/Graphene	Optical sensor	IgG	1.22	2.5~2.5×10⁴	［54］
		GQDs	Electrochemical sensor	anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG	2.028	0.5~100	［53］
		Graphene	Electrochemical sensor	DENV IgG	22.5	125~2×10³	［52］
		Cu/GO	Electrochemical sensor	glucose	2.16×10⁴	1.8×10⁴~2.25×10⁶	［51］
Quantum dot nanomaterials		CdS@SiO₂ QDs	Optical sensor	IgG	1.237×10^-8	5.0×10^-8~1.0×10⁴	［64］
		CdS QDs	Optical sensor （PL）	IgG	9.3×10^-7	2×10^-6~1×10²	［62］
			Optical sensor （MRRS）	IgG	1.10×10^-6	5×10^-6~1×10²	［62］
		CdSeTeS QDs	Fluorescence sensor	anti-HEV IgG	8.7×10^-5	1×10^-4~1	［61］
		CdTe QDs	Electrochemical sensor	IgG	0.26	0.75~7.5×10⁶	［63］
Rare-earth-doped upconversion nanoparticles		NaYF₄∶Yb³⁺，Er³⁺	Fluorescence sensor	SARS-Cov-2 IgG	0.1	0.1~10	［69］