Research Progress of Composite Coagulants in Treatments of Low Temperature and Low Turbidity Water

doi:10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.240390

Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry ›› 2025, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (5): 656-667.DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.240390

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Research Progress of Composite Coagulants in Treatments of Low Temperature and Low Turbidity Water

Qing-Wen JIANG¹^,², Ying ZHANG²^,³(), Hai-Tong LI⁴, Xiao-Jun HAN²()

^1.School of Civil and Architectural Engineering，Heilongjiang Institute of Technology，Harbin 150050，China
^2.State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment，School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering，Harbin Institute of Technology，Harbin 150001，China
^3.College of Science，Heilongjiang Institute of Technology，Harbin 150050，China
^4.School of Chemical Engineering，East China University of Science and Technology，Shanghai 200237，China

Received:2024-12-02 Accepted:2025-03-06 Published:2025-05-01 Online:2025-06-05
Contact: Ying ZHANG,Xiao-Jun HAN
About author:13895789040@163.com
hanxiaojun@hit.edu.cn；
Supported by:
the Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology(ES202221);the Basic Scientific Research Business Expenses of Heilongjiang Provincial Colleges and Universities(2023GJ08)

Abstract

Abstract:

The characteristics of low temperature and low turbidity of the winter drinking water sources in the northern region pose huge challenges to the coagulation process. This paper reviews the status and research progress of composite coagulants used in the treatment of low temperature and low turbidity water （LT-LTW） from 2011 to 2024. This paper initially introduces the physical and chemical properties of LT-LTW and their impact on coagulation treatment. Subsequently， this work classifies and discusses the effects of application of inorganic-inorganic composite coagulants and inorganic-organic composite coagulants in the treatment of LT-LTW. It summarizes the research trends of composite coagulants in the treatment of LT-LTW. The results show that the treatment effectiveness can be significantly enhanced by optimizing and adjusting the types and dosages of coagulants， along with the introduction of coagulation aids. Novel inorganic-inorganic composite coagulants， such as titanium salts and silicates， demonstrate remarkable advantages in the treatment of LT-LTW. Moreover， some inorganic-natural organic composite coagulants， which are inorganic polymeric compounds combined with high-viscosity chitosan or microbial flocculants， show high coagulation efficiency and excellent environmental performance. Future studies ought to investigate the mechanisms and the practical application efficiency of these coagulants， thereby fostering the ongoing advancement of water treatment technologies.

Key words: Composite coagulant, Low temperature, Low turbidity, Drinking water, Water safety

CLC Number:

O631

Qing-Wen JIANG, Ying ZHANG, Hai-Tong LI, Xiao-Jun HAN. Research Progress of Composite Coagulants in Treatments of Low Temperature and Low Turbidity Water[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2025, 42(5): 656-667.

Figures/Tables 6

References 69

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Coagulant	Water source	Raw water parameters	Experimental conditions	Removal rate	Effluent parameter	Ref.
PAFC	Songhua River	Temperature=4.5 ℃ pH=7.7 Turbidity=6.71 NTU	ρ（PAFC）=10 mg/L	Turbidity=84.6%	Turbidity=1 NTU	［23］
PAFC/FeCl₃	Luanhe River	Temperature： 0~9.8 ℃ 8.02＜pH＜8.59 Turbidity=7.9 NTU COD： 2.9~3.6 mg/L UV₂₅₄=0.1339 cm^-1	ρ（PAFC+FeCl₃）=20 mg/L m（PAFC）∶m（FeCl₃）=3∶1	Turbidity=94% COD_Mn=43% UV₂₅₄=84%	Turbidity=0.47 NTU COD_Mn=2 mg/L UV₂₅₄=0.021 cm^-1ρ（residual aluminum）=0.9 mg/L ρ（residual iron）=0.01 mg/L	［24］
PTFC	Xueshan Water Plant in Licheng District+humic acid 10 mg/L	Temperature＜10 ℃ 6.8＜pH＜7.5 Turbidity： 6.0~6.5 NTU ρ（DOC）=5.0~5.8 mg/L	n（Ti）∶n（Fe）=1∶1 Basicity 0.75 pH=7、8 c（PTFC）=0.3 mmol/L	Turbidity=92.3% DOC about 60%	Turbidity=0.5 NTU DOC＜2.32	［29］
PATS	Simulate low temperature and low turbidity water	Temperature： 20~23 ℃ pH=7.65 Turbidity=（19±0.5） NTU ρ（aluminum）=0.053 mg/L	n（Al）∶n（Ti）=10∶1 n（Al+Ti）∶n（Si）=1∶2 c（PATS）=0.10 mmol/L	-	Turbidity 0.39 NTU ρ（residual aluminum）=0.037 mg/L	［30］
PAC/PT	The water of Yangshan Lake in Qixia District， Nanjing City during winter	Temperature=（9±1） ℃ pH=7.5±1 Turbidity=（20±3） NTU UV₂₅₄=（0.1±0.02） cm^-1	n（Al₂O₃）∶n（Ti）=3∶2 ρ（PAC+PT）=4 mg/L	-	Turbidity≈1.2 NTU	［31］
AS/PT	The water of Yangshan Lake in Qixia District， Nanjing City during winter	Temperature=（9±1） ℃ pH=7.5±1 Turbidity=（20±3） NTU UV₂₅₄=（0.1±0.02） cm^-1	n（Al₂O₃）∶n（Ti）=3∶2 ρ（AS+PT）=4 mg/L	-	Turbidity＜1 NTU	［31］
PSAS	-	Temperature=2 ℃ pH=5.4 Turbidity=30 NTU	n（Al）∶n（Si）=3∶1 ρ（PSAS）=15 mg/L	Turbidity=95.64%	Turbidity 1.31 NTU	［32］

Coagulant	Water source	Raw water parameters	Experimental conditions	Removal rate	Effluent parameter	Ref.
PAFC	Songhua River	Temperature=4.5 ℃ pH=7.7 Turbidity=6.71 NTU	ρ（PAFC）=10 mg/L	Turbidity=84.6%	Turbidity=1 NTU	［23］
PAFC/FeCl₃	Luanhe River	Temperature： 0~9.8 ℃ 8.02＜pH＜8.59 Turbidity=7.9 NTU COD： 2.9~3.6 mg/L UV₂₅₄=0.1339 cm^-1	ρ（PAFC+FeCl₃）=20 mg/L m（PAFC）∶m（FeCl₃）=3∶1	Turbidity=94% COD_Mn=43% UV₂₅₄=84%	Turbidity=0.47 NTU COD_Mn=2 mg/L UV₂₅₄=0.021 cm^-1ρ（residual aluminum）=0.9 mg/L ρ（residual iron）=0.01 mg/L	［24］
PTFC	Xueshan Water Plant in Licheng District+humic acid 10 mg/L	Temperature＜10 ℃ 6.8＜pH＜7.5 Turbidity： 6.0~6.5 NTU ρ（DOC）=5.0~5.8 mg/L	n（Ti）∶n（Fe）=1∶1 Basicity 0.75 pH=7、8 c（PTFC）=0.3 mmol/L	Turbidity=92.3% DOC about 60%	Turbidity=0.5 NTU DOC＜2.32	［29］
PATS	Simulate low temperature and low turbidity water	Temperature： 20~23 ℃ pH=7.65 Turbidity=（19±0.5） NTU ρ（aluminum）=0.053 mg/L	n（Al）∶n（Ti）=10∶1 n（Al+Ti）∶n（Si）=1∶2 c（PATS）=0.10 mmol/L	-	Turbidity 0.39 NTU ρ（residual aluminum）=0.037 mg/L	［30］
PAC/PT	The water of Yangshan Lake in Qixia District， Nanjing City during winter	Temperature=（9±1） ℃ pH=7.5±1 Turbidity=（20±3） NTU UV₂₅₄=（0.1±0.02） cm^-1	n（Al₂O₃）∶n（Ti）=3∶2 ρ（PAC+PT）=4 mg/L	-	Turbidity≈1.2 NTU	［31］
AS/PT	The water of Yangshan Lake in Qixia District， Nanjing City during winter	Temperature=（9±1） ℃ pH=7.5±1 Turbidity=（20±3） NTU UV₂₅₄=（0.1±0.02） cm^-1	n（Al₂O₃）∶n（Ti）=3∶2 ρ（AS+PT）=4 mg/L	-	Turbidity＜1 NTU	［31］
PSAS	-	Temperature=2 ℃ pH=5.4 Turbidity=30 NTU	n（Al）∶n（Si）=3∶1 ρ（PSAS）=15 mg/L	Turbidity=95.64%	Turbidity 1.31 NTU	［32］

Coagulant	Water source	Raw water parameters	Experimental conditions	Removal rate	Effluent parameter	Ref.
PAC/PAM	Huanghe River	Temperature=4.8 ℃ pH=8.05 Turbidity=14.8 NTU	10% PAC（effective content 32%， relative molecular mass is 1 000） 0.1% PAM（effective content 91%， relative molecular mass is less than 15 million） Variable porosity filter	Turbidity=99.46%	Turbidity=0.08 NTU	［43］
PAC/Sodium Alginate +PAM+ Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose	-	Temperature： 0~2 ℃ Turbidity： 20~30 NTU	ρ（PAC）=102 mg/L ρ（PAM）=4.5 mg/L ρ（sodium alginate）=2 mg/L ρ（hydroxypropyl methylcellulose）=2 mg/L	-	Turbidity=0.6 NTU	［44］
PFAC/PAM	-	Temperature=（5.01±0.24） ℃ Turbidity=（8.15±0.19） NTU ρ（ammonia nitrogen）=（0.80±0.02） mg/L	V（PFAC）=7.87 mg/L V（PAM）=6.06 mg/L Sand filter	Turbidity=16.3% Ammonia nitrogen=14.7%	Turbidity=0.76 NTU COD_Mn=2.72 mg/L ρ（ammonia nitrogen）=0.44 mg/L	［45］
FeCl₃/PAM	-	Temperature=18 ℃ 6.5＜pH＜7 Turbidity=2.72 NTU	pH=8.0 ρ（FeCl₃）： 3.2~3.8 mg/L ρ（PAM）=0.2 mg/L	Turbidity=87.1%	Turbidity=0.35 NTU	［46］
PAC+PDMDAAC	Taihu Lake Lake water in winter	Temperature： 2~5 ℃ Turbidity： 9~20 NTU	Intrinsic viscosity： 1.53~3.32 Mass fraction： 10%~20%	-	Turbidity＜1 NTU	［49］
PFM+PDMDAAC	Winter raw water from a water plant in Nanchang City	Temperature： 7~9 ℃ 7.12＜pH＜7.35 Turbidity 17.4~21.5 NTU DOC： 2.56~2.84 mg/L	PD/FM≥0.20 ρ（PFM+PDMDAAC）=3 mg/L	Turbidity＞95% DOC＞55%	Turbidity＜0.87 NTU DOC＜1.15 mg/L	［50］
PATC+PDMDAAC	Xiangjiang River	Temperature=（7.5±0.3） ℃ pH=7.24±0.2 Turbidity=（17±0.5） NTU TOC=7.23 mg/L	The ratio of organic-inorganic is 0.15 ρ（PATC+PDMDAAC）=3.6 mg/L	TOC=62.18%	Residual turbidity=0.56 NTU TOC=2.734 mg/L	［51］

Coagulant	Water source	Raw water parameters	Experimental conditions	Removal rate	Effluent parameter	Ref.
PAC/PAM	Huanghe River	Temperature=4.8 ℃ pH=8.05 Turbidity=14.8 NTU	10% PAC（effective content 32%， relative molecular mass is 1 000） 0.1% PAM（effective content 91%， relative molecular mass is less than 15 million） Variable porosity filter	Turbidity=99.46%	Turbidity=0.08 NTU	［43］
PAC/Sodium Alginate +PAM+ Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose	-	Temperature： 0~2 ℃ Turbidity： 20~30 NTU	ρ（PAC）=102 mg/L ρ（PAM）=4.5 mg/L ρ（sodium alginate）=2 mg/L ρ（hydroxypropyl methylcellulose）=2 mg/L	-	Turbidity=0.6 NTU	［44］
PFAC/PAM	-	Temperature=（5.01±0.24） ℃ Turbidity=（8.15±0.19） NTU ρ（ammonia nitrogen）=（0.80±0.02） mg/L	V（PFAC）=7.87 mg/L V（PAM）=6.06 mg/L Sand filter	Turbidity=16.3% Ammonia nitrogen=14.7%	Turbidity=0.76 NTU COD_Mn=2.72 mg/L ρ（ammonia nitrogen）=0.44 mg/L	［45］
FeCl₃/PAM	-	Temperature=18 ℃ 6.5＜pH＜7 Turbidity=2.72 NTU	pH=8.0 ρ（FeCl₃）： 3.2~3.8 mg/L ρ（PAM）=0.2 mg/L	Turbidity=87.1%	Turbidity=0.35 NTU	［46］
PAC+PDMDAAC	Taihu Lake Lake water in winter	Temperature： 2~5 ℃ Turbidity： 9~20 NTU	Intrinsic viscosity： 1.53~3.32 Mass fraction： 10%~20%	-	Turbidity＜1 NTU	［49］
PFM+PDMDAAC	Winter raw water from a water plant in Nanchang City	Temperature： 7~9 ℃ 7.12＜pH＜7.35 Turbidity 17.4~21.5 NTU DOC： 2.56~2.84 mg/L	PD/FM≥0.20 ρ（PFM+PDMDAAC）=3 mg/L	Turbidity＞95% DOC＞55%	Turbidity＜0.87 NTU DOC＜1.15 mg/L	［50］
PATC+PDMDAAC	Xiangjiang River	Temperature=（7.5±0.3） ℃ pH=7.24±0.2 Turbidity=（17±0.5） NTU TOC=7.23 mg/L	The ratio of organic-inorganic is 0.15 ρ（PATC+PDMDAAC）=3.6 mg/L	TOC=62.18%	Residual turbidity=0.56 NTU TOC=2.734 mg/L	［51］

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Research Progress of Composite Coagulants in Treatments of Low Temperature and Low Turbidity Water

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