应用化学 ›› 2022, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (1): 35-54.DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.210488

• 综合评述 • 上一篇    下一篇

水凝胶的制备及仿生设计在能源领域应用的研究进展

刘旭1, 李杨可欣1, 杜黎1, 于健2, 王佳程1, 耿阳1, 韩广2, 孙宽1, 李猛1()   

  1. 1.重庆大学能源与动力工程学院,低品位能源利用技术及系统教育部重点实验室,CQU?NUS新能源材料与器件联合实验室,重庆 400044
    2.重庆大学材料与科学工程学院,重庆 400044
  • 收稿日期:2021-09-30 接受日期:2021-11-04 出版日期:2022-01-01 发布日期:2022-01-10
  • 通讯作者: 李猛
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金(52173235);重庆市自然科学基金(cstc2018jcyjAX0375)

Bio⁃inspired Hydrogels: Synthesis, Bionic Design and Applications in the Field of Energy Storage and Conversion

LIU Xu1,LI Yang-Ke-Xin1,DU Li1,YU Jian2,WANG Jia-Cheng1,GENG Yang1,HAN Guang2,SUN Kuan1,LI Meng1()   

  1. 1.CQU-NUS Renewable Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory,MOE Key Laboratory of Low-Grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems,School of Energy & Power Engineering,Chongqing University,Chongqing 400044,China
    2.School of Materials Science and Engineering,Chongqing University,Chongqing 400044,China
  • Received:2021-09-30 Accepted:2021-11-04 Published:2022-01-01 Online:2022-01-10
  • Contact: Meng LI
  • About author:limeng@cqu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51702032);the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(cstc2018jcyjAX0375)

摘要:

能源与环境问题是当前时代面临的一大课题,有效利用并储存能源,缓解一系列严峻的环境污染问题也是当前研究的热点,电化学储能、光催化、光热界面蒸发和水汽收集这些能源利用措施已经作为环保手段深入人类的生活。大自然作为一位天然的设计师为我们能够提供诸多灵感,自然界诸多生物、生命体系中特性、机制和结构均暗含着十分巧妙的奥秘。本文重点介绍了水凝胶在上述能源转换技术的应用。首先简单介绍了水凝胶这种新型高分子材料的特性、分类、合成等信息。然后,对电化学储能、光催化、光热界面蒸发等能源领域的先进技术及相应要求进行了简要介绍。电化学储能需要足够多的反应活性位点保证高效的能量转换,水凝胶比表面积大的特点能够为电化学储能提供更多反应位点,并且其良好的柔性和机械性能可以使能源转换装置适应更多应用环境。光催化、光热界面蒸发均需要优异的光吸收性能,且通过将热量集中于蒸发表面和调节蒸发水状态两种手段均能够有效增强光热界面蒸发性能。水凝胶具有多孔性,能够增强光强的多次反射,使光线被重复吸收,从而增强光吸收性能。合理选择含水化功能官能团的聚合物也能够调整水的状态,因而水凝胶的聚合物链对水的状态有着一定影响,通过调节水的状态降低水的蒸发焓,也能够提高光热蒸发性能。结合向大自然学习的仿生思想,仿生水凝胶已经经历了由简单的利用生物质成分,到结构仿生,再到目前的生物灵感启发型仿生3个过程,文章通过列举仿生水凝胶在能源和环境领域应用的具体实例,说明了将仿生和水凝胶相结合的前景及优势,为后续研究提供了新思路。最后,对仿生水凝胶今后的发展进行了总结和展望。

关键词: 水凝胶, 仿生材料, 电化学储能, 能源转化, 光热界面蒸发, 水汽收集

Abstract:

Energy and environmental issues are one of the greatest challenges in the 21st. Utilizing and storing energy helps alleviate a series of severe environment pollution problems, thus, becoming a hotpot of research. Methods of using cleaning energy, such as electrochemical energy storage, photocatalysis, interfacial solar evaporation and fog collection, have been considered as an environment-friendly way to solve issues above. In recent years, learning from nature has been an efficient way to acquire inspiration. Natural creatures, characteristics in organisms, structure of bio-system, these natural designs all show fabulous mysteries. In this review, we emphasis applications of hydrogel in the field of energy conversion and storage. Firstly, we briefly introduce the characteristics, classification, synthesis and other relevant information of hydrogel. Furthermore, we also give a brief introduction of the advanced technology and corresponding requirements in the field of energy, such as electrochemical energy storage, photocatalysis, solar evaporation and so on. Electrochemical energy storage requires enough reactive active sites to ensure efficient energy conversion and hydrogels can provide more reaction sites because of larger surface area. Besides, the good flexibility and mechanical properties of hydrogels are more adaptable to be used in more situations. The technologies of photocatalysis and photothermal evaporation are all required efficient solar absorption performance. The methods that heat localization and water states adjustment can improve the performance of solar evaporation efficiently. Hydrogels are porous, which can enhance the multiple reflection in the micro-channels, thereby enhancing the absorption of light. Selecting proper functional group of polymers can adjust the state of water, so the polymer chain of hydrogel has a certain impact on the state of water. Regulating the state of water can help reduce the evaporation enthalpy of water, which can improve the performance of photothermal evaporation. By learning from nature, hydrogel has gone through three processes from simple use of biomass components to structural bionics to the current bio-inspired bionics. This review provides new ideas for follow-up research by giving specific examples of bionic hydrogel applications in the energy and environment fields. Finally, we give a simple summary and concise outlook about the development of bio-inspired hydrogels.

Key words: Hydrogels, Bio-inspired materials, Electrochemical energy storage, Energy conversion, Solar evaporation, Water harvesting

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