固态储氢反应床的性能优化与设计研究进展

doi:10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.250389

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目前的储氢技术主要采用高压气态储氢、低温液态储氢和固态储氢等方式。与固态的煤或液态的石油相比，气态氢在储存与运输过程中面临诸多挑战，尤其是其体积能量密度较低，严重制约了氢气的应用。利用金属氢化物将氢气固化为固态氢化物形式，可有效缓解氢在储运中的高效及安全性等难题。当前，尽管固态合金储氢技术在氢气存储等领域已经获得应用，但仍存在诸多有待拓展的方向。金属氢化物的吸放氢过程涵盖了动量、质量与热量传递等方面，是一个涉及多物理场耦合的复杂传输过程。该技术不仅依赖于储氢材料本身具备优异性能，还很大程度上取决于反应床结构的设计。作为储氢材料进行吸放氢的核心场所，反应床直接影响材料的实际储氢表现，因而是保障储氢材料充分发挥其性能的关键，具有不可替代的作用。本文从传热传质机理、强化传热传质方法与结构优化等方面综述了近年来关于储氢合金反应床的研究现状，相关研究成果为储氢材料的实际应用推广提供了理论依据与技术支撑，对推动氢能产业链的可持续发展具有重要意义。

关键词: 储氢材料, 床体设计, 热传导性能, 氢分子扩散, 多尺度模拟

Abstract:

Currently， hydrogen storage technologies primarily include high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage， cryogenic liquid hydrogen storage， and solid-state hydrogen storage. Compared to solid coal or liquid petroleum， gaseous hydrogen faces numerous challenges during storage and transportation， particularly its low volumetric energy density， which severely restricts the application of hydrogen. Utilizing metal hydrides to solidify hydrogen into a solid hydride form can effectively address issues such as efficiency and safety in hydrogen storage and transportation. Although solid-state alloy hydrogen storage technology has already been applied in fields such as hydrogen storage， there are still many areas requiring further development. The hydrogen absorption and desorption processes in metal hydrides involve momentum， mass， and heat transfer， constituting a complex multiphysics-coupled transport process. This technology relies not only on the excellent performance of the hydrogen storage materials themselves but also largely depends on the design of the reaction bed structure. As the core site where hydrogen storage materials undergo hydrogen absorption and desorption， the reaction bed directly influences the practical hydrogen storage performance of the materials， playing an irreplaceable role in ensuring the full utilization of the material properties. This article reviews recent research on hydrogen storage alloy reaction beds from the perspectives of heat and mass transfer mechanisms， methods for enhancing heat and mass transfer， and structural optimization. The related research results provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the practical application and promotion of hydrogen storage materials， contributing significantly to promoting the sustainable development of the hydrogen energy industry chain.

Key words: Hydrogen storage material, Bed design, Thermal conductivity performance, Hydrogen molecule diffusion, Multi-scale simulation

中图分类号:

O614

李昌伦, 杨丽娣, 杨哲林, 丁南, 原建光, 尹东明, KHARYTONCHYK-Sergei, 程勇. 固态储氢反应床的性能优化与设计研究进展[J]. 应用化学, 2026, 43(1): 15-30.

Chang-Lun LI, Li-Di YANG, Zhe-Lin YANG, Nan DING, Jian-Guang YUAN, Dong-Ming YIN, KHARYTONCHYK-Sergei, Yong CHENG. Advances in Performance Optimization and Design of Solid-State Hydrogen Storage Reaction Beds[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2026, 43(1): 15-30.

图/表 10

图1 （A）开孔铝泡沫；（B、C）开孔金属泡沫典型孔隙结构；（D）韧带截面；（E）孔径对储氢量的影响［33］

Fig.1 （A） Open-cell aluminum foams；（B， C） Typical pore structure of open-cell metal foam；（D） Ligament cross sections， taken from；（E） Effect of pore size on hydrogen storage capacity［33］

图2 （A） PMH反应器的俯视图；（B）金属氢化物反应器模块与3个反应器并联示意图；（C）热力学效率变化［38］

Fig.2 （A） A top view of a PMH reactor；（B） Schematic view of the metal hydride reactor module-3 reactors in parallel；（C） Thermodynamic efficiency variations［38］

图3 （A）再压缩膨胀石墨技术（REGT）示意图和（B）膨胀石墨的扫描电子显微镜照片［44］

Fig.3 （A） Schematic of recompressed expanded graphite technique （REGT） and （B） SEM photograph of the expanded graphite［44］

图4 由SWCNT增强的有效导热系数的结果［47］

Fig.4 The result of the effective thermal conductivity enhanced by SWCNT［47］

图5 MH-TCM存储系统2种配置示意图：（A） TCM环绕式布局的俯视图；（B） MH-TCM夹层系统俯视图；（C） TCM环绕式布局的轴向视图；（D） MH-TCM夹层系统的轴向视图［56］

Fig.5 Schematics of two configurations of MH-TCM storage system：（A） Top view of the TCM surrounding layout；（B） Top view of the MH-TCM sandwich system；（C） Axial view of the TCM surrounding layout；（D） Axial view of the MH-TCM sandwich system［56］

图6 典型散热翅片的分类［62］

Fig.6 Classification of heat fins［62］

图7 锥形翅片及翅片数量与冷却管数目的组合方案［67］

Fig.7 The combination scheme of conical fins and the number of fins with the number of cooling tubes［67］

图8 （A） TB和（B） ECT布局［76］

Fig.8 （A） TB and （B） ECT layout［76］

图9 （A）带有铜片的U型管换热器和（B）存储设备组件照片［78］

Fig.9 Photograph of （A） U-tube heat exchanger assembly with copper flakes and （B） assembly of the storage device［78］

图10 板式换热器：（A）带连接和绝缘的转换状态；（B）未填充截面图［85］

Fig.10 Soldered plate reactor：（A） Converted state with connections and insulation；（B） Unfilled cross-sectional view［85］

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