应用化学 ›› 2023, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (1): 9-23.DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.220138
曹蓉1,2, 夏杰桢1,2, 廖漫华1,2, 赵路超1,2, 赵晨1,2, 吴琪1,2()
收稿日期:
2022-04-16
接受日期:
2022-08-07
出版日期:
2023-01-01
发布日期:
2023-01-28
通讯作者:
吴琪
基金资助:
Rong CAO1,2, Jie-Zhen XIA1,2, Man-Hua LIAO1,2, Lu-Chao ZHAO1,2, Chen ZHAO1,2, Qi WU1,2()
Received:
2022-04-16
Accepted:
2022-08-07
Published:
2023-01-01
Online:
2023-01-28
Contact:
Qi WU
About author:
wuqi_zangda@163.comSupported by:
摘要:
传统Haber-Bosch工艺合成氨需要大量的能源消耗和复杂的工厂基础设备。在可再生能源的推动下,将氮气电化学还原为氨被认为是替代Haber-Bosch工艺最有效的方法,这在科学界引起了极大的关注。然而,这个过程受到氨产量和法拉第效率低的影响,因此开发更有效的电催化剂对其实际应用至关重要。在之前报告的催化剂中,单原子催化剂(SACs)在高效利用原子和不饱和配位方面表现出显著优势,这为优化催化剂性能提供了巨大的空间。文章综述了单原子催化剂在电化学合成氨中的理论研究,详细分析了贵金属催化剂、非贵金属催化剂和非金属催化剂这3类单原子催化剂的性能表现,旨在为电化学合成氨技术的发展提供理论参考。
中图分类号:
曹蓉, 夏杰桢, 廖漫华, 赵路超, 赵晨, 吴琪. 单原子催化剂在电化学合成氨中的理论研究进展[J]. 应用化学, 2023, 40(1): 9-23.
Rong CAO, Jie-Zhen XIA, Man-Hua LIAO, Lu-Chao ZHAO, Chen ZHAO, Qi WU. Theoretical Research Progress of Single Atom Catalysts in Electrochemical Synthesis of Ammonia[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2023, 40(1): 9-23.
图 1 NRR反应机理示意图。除紫色箭头外,图示中不同颜色的箭头从上至下依次表示N2分子以不同方式吸附在催化剂表面。然后按照①-⑥的顺序依次在N2分子上加氢,直至N2分子还原生成NH3分子从催化剂表面脱附。另外,灰色含氮方框表示金属氮化物表面。当晶格N原子被还原后,产生有空位的催化剂表面,之后氮气再与金属氮化物反应完成一次催化循环[40]
Fig.1 Schematic diagram of NRR reaction mechanism. Except for the purple arrows, the arrows of different colors in the figure show that N2 molecules are adsorbed on the catalyst surface in different ways from top to bottom. Then hydrogenation is performed on the N2 molecule in the order of ①-⑥ until the N2 molecule is reduced to form the NH3 molecule which is desorbed from the catalyst surface. In addition, the gray nitrogen-containing squares represent the metal nitride surfaces. When the lattice N atoms are reduced, a catalyst surface with vacancies is generated, and then the nitrogen gas reacts with the metal nitride to complete a catalytic cycle[40]
图2 (a) 结构稳定的Ru1@T-C3N4的电荷密度差和N2吸附的局域态密度示意图; (b) Ru1@T-C3N4上远端路径的自由能曲线[47]
Fig.2 (a) Schematic diagram of the charge density difference and local density of states of N2 adsorption on the structurally stable Ru1@T-C3N4; (b) The free energy curve of the remote path on Ru1@T-C3N4[47]
图3 (a) Pt/g-C3N4上电化学NRR的3种反应机制的示意图。Pt/g-C3N4通过(b)远端, (c)交替和(d)混合机制,在0 V(黑色)和UL(红色)下NRR的自由能分布[48]
Fig.3 (a) Schematic illustration of three reaction mechanisms for electrochemical NRR on Pt/g-C3N4. Free energy distribution of NRR at 0 V (black) and UL (red) for Pt/g-C3N4via (b) distal, (c) alternation and (d) hybrid mechanisms[48]
图4 (a) NRR遵循交替路径的各种反应中间体; (b)交替机制下NRR 在Au1/C3N4和Au(211)上的自由能分布; (c) Au1/C3N4的电荷密度差分图; (d) NRR和HER限制电势[49]
Fig.4 (a) Various reaction intermediates of NRR following alternate paths; (b) Free energy distribution of NRR on Au1/C3N4 and Au(211) under an alternate mechanism; (c) Charge density difference map of Au1/C3N4; (d) NRR and HER limiting potential[49]
图5 (a)不同金属原子与MoP的结合能和相应的内聚能; N2吸附在不同金属原子修饰的MoP上的吸附自由能(eV)和N—N键长(0.1 nm); (b)端向吸附; (c)侧向吸附[55]
Fig.5 (a) The binding energies and corresponding cohesive energies of different metal atoms and MoP; the adsorption free energy (eV) and N—N bond length (0.1 nm) of N2 adsorbed on MoP modified by different metal atoms; (b) End-to-end adsorption; (c) Lateral adsorption[55]
图6 (a) Fe@N x 进行氮还原反应 (NRR) 的极限电势UL; (b)限制电势UL与N2H*吸附能的比例关系[59]
Fig.6 (a) Limiting potential UL of Fe@N x for nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR); (b) Proportional relationship between limiting potential UL and N2H* adsorption energy[59]
图7 (a)积分晶体轨道哈密顿布居(ICOHP)与N2吸附能(ΔEads)的相关性[61]; (b)过渡金属催化剂对N2的固定和活化示意图[62]
Fig.7 (a) Correlation between integrated crystal orbital Hamiltonian population (ICOHP) and N2 adsorption energy (ΔEads)[61]; (b) Schematic diagram of N2 immobilization and activation by transition metal catalysts[62]
图8 (a) Si-B2上电化学NRR的反应机制的示意图[65],其中,粉色(硼); 蓝色(氮); 黄色(硅);(b) B/g-C3N4作为催化剂用于N2固定的设计理念[66],其中,粉色(硼); 蓝色(氮); 灰色(碳)
Fig.8 (a) Schematic illustration of the reaction mechanism of electrochemical NRR on Si-B2[65]. Colour scheme: pink (boron); blue (nitrogen); yellow (silicon); (b) Design concept of B/g-C3N4 as catalyst for N2 immobilization[66]. Colour scheme: pink (boron); blue (nitrogen); grey (silicon)
Classification | Example | Overpotential/V | Mechanism | NH3 yield rate | FE/% | Electrolyte | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Precious metal catalyst | Ru/ZrO2@NC | -0.21 | Distal mechanism | 3.665 μg/(h·mg) | 21 | 0.1 mol/L HCl | [ |
Rh SA/GDY | -0.20 | Distal mechanism | 74.15 μg/(h·cm2) | 20.36 | 0.1 mol/L K2SO4 | [ | |
Rh1/MnO2 | — | — | 271.8 μg/(h·mg) | 73.3 | 9 mol/L K2SO4 | [ | |
Pd-TiO2 | -0.5 | — | 17.4 μg/(h·mg) | 12.7 | 0.1 mol/L Na2SO4 | [ | |
Pt/NiO | -0.2 | — | 20.59 μg/(h·mg) | 15.56 | 0.1 mol/L Na2SO4 | [ | |
Ru1@T-C3N4 | -0.94 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Pt/g-C3N4 | -0.24 | Alternating mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Au1/C3N4 | -0.88 | Alternating mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Ru SACs/Cu x O y | -0.1~-0.2 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Ru@MoS2 | -0.33 | Enzymatic mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Non-precious metal catalyst | Fe-TiO2 | -0.4 | Alternating mechanism | 25.47 μg/(h·mg) | 25.6 | 0.5 mol/L LiClO4 | [ |
ZrPP | -0.38 | Enzymatic-consecutive hybrid path | — | — | — | [ | |
Mn@C3N | -0.75 | Distal/alternating mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
W-VSe2 | -0.36 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
W@g-C3N4 | -0.35 | Enzymatic mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
W/g-CN N | -0.29 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Mo@MoS2 | -0.28 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Mn@BCN NTs | -0.1 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Mo/MoS2 | -0.53 | Distal/alternating mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Mn-MoP | -0.95 | Distal/alternating mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Mo1N3 | -0.02 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Mo@BN | -0.19 | nzymatic mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Mo@BCN | -0.42 | Enzymatic mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Fe@N-C | -0.63 | Distal/alternating/enzymatic mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Fe-N3/graphene | -0.25 | Distal/alternating/ enzymatic mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Fe-B2N2 | -0.65 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Mn@g-N3C1O1 | -0.29 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
W@BP | -0.40 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Ti@N4-garphene | -0.69 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
V@BN | -0.25 | Enzymatic mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
CrB3C1-graphene | -0.13 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
MnSA@VsN1 | -0.77 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Fe-B2N2 | -0.65 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
FeB4-graphene | -0.55 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Mo/C9N4 | -0.40 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Mo-rTCNQ | -0.48 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
MoPc/TcPc | -0.33/-0.54 | Distal/distal-alternating mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Mo-PTA | -0.26 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Mo@MoS2 | -0.28 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
W/Ti2-x C2O y | -0.11/-0.95 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
W@g-C3N4 | -0.35 | Enzymatic mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
W@C9N4 | -0.25 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Non-metallic catalyst | B/g-C3N4 | -0.20 | Enzymatic mechanism | — | — | — | [ |
B/C2N | -0.18 | Enzymatic mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Si-BN | -1.06 | Distal/alternating mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
B@g-C3N4 | -0.2 | Enzymatic mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
N-doped@MOFs | -0.3 | Distal mechanism | 3.4×10-6 mol/(cm2·h) | 10.2 | 0.1 mol/L KOH | [ |
表1 文献报道的NRR单原子催化剂 (Non-precious metal catalyst)
Table 1 Currently reported NRR single-atom catalysts
Classification | Example | Overpotential/V | Mechanism | NH3 yield rate | FE/% | Electrolyte | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Precious metal catalyst | Ru/ZrO2@NC | -0.21 | Distal mechanism | 3.665 μg/(h·mg) | 21 | 0.1 mol/L HCl | [ |
Rh SA/GDY | -0.20 | Distal mechanism | 74.15 μg/(h·cm2) | 20.36 | 0.1 mol/L K2SO4 | [ | |
Rh1/MnO2 | — | — | 271.8 μg/(h·mg) | 73.3 | 9 mol/L K2SO4 | [ | |
Pd-TiO2 | -0.5 | — | 17.4 μg/(h·mg) | 12.7 | 0.1 mol/L Na2SO4 | [ | |
Pt/NiO | -0.2 | — | 20.59 μg/(h·mg) | 15.56 | 0.1 mol/L Na2SO4 | [ | |
Ru1@T-C3N4 | -0.94 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Pt/g-C3N4 | -0.24 | Alternating mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Au1/C3N4 | -0.88 | Alternating mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Ru SACs/Cu x O y | -0.1~-0.2 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Ru@MoS2 | -0.33 | Enzymatic mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Non-precious metal catalyst | Fe-TiO2 | -0.4 | Alternating mechanism | 25.47 μg/(h·mg) | 25.6 | 0.5 mol/L LiClO4 | [ |
ZrPP | -0.38 | Enzymatic-consecutive hybrid path | — | — | — | [ | |
Mn@C3N | -0.75 | Distal/alternating mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
W-VSe2 | -0.36 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
W@g-C3N4 | -0.35 | Enzymatic mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
W/g-CN N | -0.29 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Mo@MoS2 | -0.28 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Mn@BCN NTs | -0.1 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Mo/MoS2 | -0.53 | Distal/alternating mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Mn-MoP | -0.95 | Distal/alternating mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Mo1N3 | -0.02 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Mo@BN | -0.19 | nzymatic mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Mo@BCN | -0.42 | Enzymatic mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Fe@N-C | -0.63 | Distal/alternating/enzymatic mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Fe-N3/graphene | -0.25 | Distal/alternating/ enzymatic mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Fe-B2N2 | -0.65 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Mn@g-N3C1O1 | -0.29 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
W@BP | -0.40 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Ti@N4-garphene | -0.69 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
V@BN | -0.25 | Enzymatic mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
CrB3C1-graphene | -0.13 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
MnSA@VsN1 | -0.77 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Fe-B2N2 | -0.65 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
FeB4-graphene | -0.55 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Mo/C9N4 | -0.40 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Mo-rTCNQ | -0.48 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
MoPc/TcPc | -0.33/-0.54 | Distal/distal-alternating mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Mo-PTA | -0.26 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Mo@MoS2 | -0.28 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
W/Ti2-x C2O y | -0.11/-0.95 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
W@g-C3N4 | -0.35 | Enzymatic mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
W@C9N4 | -0.25 | Distal mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Non-metallic catalyst | B/g-C3N4 | -0.20 | Enzymatic mechanism | — | — | — | [ |
B/C2N | -0.18 | Enzymatic mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
Si-BN | -1.06 | Distal/alternating mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
B@g-C3N4 | -0.2 | Enzymatic mechanism | — | — | — | [ | |
N-doped@MOFs | -0.3 | Distal mechanism | 3.4×10-6 mol/(cm2·h) | 10.2 | 0.1 mol/L KOH | [ |
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