应用化学 ›› 2022, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (9): 1360-1370.DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.210300
收稿日期:
2021-06-19
接受日期:
2021-12-11
出版日期:
2022-09-01
发布日期:
2022-09-08
通讯作者:
汪子明
Xin ZHAO1, He LIU1, Zhong-Bo WU1, He WANG1, Zi-Ming WANG2()
Received:
2021-06-19
Accepted:
2021-12-11
Published:
2022-09-01
Online:
2022-09-08
Contact:
Zi-Ming WANG
About author:
wangziming@jlu.edu.cn摘要:
利用微波辅助提取-固相膜萃取前处理技术分离富集水体沉积物中的甲基汞,固相膜萃取的前处理方法能够集富集和净化为一体,有效地去除基质的影响。方法的关键在于样品的萃取过程,萃取过程中既要保证样品中甲基汞的原来形态不被破坏和转化,又要保证其从样品中被充分萃取以达到稳定可靠的回收效果。通过微波辅助提取技术将水体沉积物中的甲基汞提取到溶液后,提取液通过0.01%的二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠改性后的C18固相萃取膜,选择性地将提取液中的甲基汞分离富集的同时净化。洗脱液再经过原子荧光光谱仪进行测定。实验条件考察了流动相、微波提取条件以及固相膜萃取条件对甲基汞的影响。在最优的实验条件下,对甲基汞的稳定性进行了研究,实验结果表明在4 ℃以及-15 ℃条件下贮存,甲基汞降解不显著。同时对沉积物实际样品和加标样品进行了分析,所得结果沉积物中甲基汞检出限为0.20 μg/kg,沉积物实际样品的加标回收率和相对标准偏差分别在71.3%~87.6%和2.00%~6.36%之间,实验结果令人满意。该方法萃取速度快、消耗溶剂少、萃取效率高,可以同时处理多个样品,节约能耗,绿色环保,符合现代监测分析的发展趋势,适用于分析测定水体沉积物中的甲基汞。
中图分类号:
赵欣, 刘贺, 武中波, 王鹤, 汪子明. 微波辅助提取-固相膜萃取测定水体沉积物中的甲基汞[J]. 应用化学, 2022, 39(9): 1360-1370.
Xin ZHAO, He LIU, Zhong-Bo WU, He WANG, Zi-Ming WANG. Determination of Methyl‑mercury by Microwave Assisted Extraction‑Solid Phase Membrane Extraction in Water Sediments[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2022, 39(9): 1360-1370.
图4 提取溶剂种类的选择a.10%盐酸+1%硫脲+0.15%氯化钾;b.10%盐酸+0.5%半胱氨酸+0.15%氯化钾;c.5%氢氧化钾+10%乙腈;d.5%氢氧化钾+10%甲醇;e.5%氢氧化钾甲醇溶液
Fig.4 Types of extraction solventsa.10% HCl+1% thiourea+0.15% KCl; b.10% HCl+0.5%L-cysteine+0.15% KCl; c.5% KOH+10% acetonitrile;d.5% KOH+10% methanol; e.5% KCl-methanol
目标物 Analyte | 样品测定次数 Test number | 平均值 | 标准偏差 SD | t | 检出限 MDL | 测定下限 LOQ | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | ||||||
实际样品中甲基汞的浓度 c(MeHg)/(μg·kg-1) | 0.79 | 0.84 | 0.79 | 0.89 | 0.86 | 0.75 | 0.71 | 0.80 | 0.063 | 3.143 | 0.20 | 0.80 |
表1 甲基汞检出限的测定
Table 1 The detection limit of methyl?mercury
目标物 Analyte | 样品测定次数 Test number | 平均值 | 标准偏差 SD | t | 检出限 MDL | 测定下限 LOQ | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | ||||||
实际样品中甲基汞的浓度 c(MeHg)/(μg·kg-1) | 0.79 | 0.84 | 0.79 | 0.89 | 0.86 | 0.75 | 0.71 | 0.80 | 0.063 | 3.143 | 0.20 | 0.80 |
目标物 Analyte | 加标浓度 Spiked concentration/(μg·kg-1) | 日内精密度 Intra?day | 日间精密度 Inter?day | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Recovery/% | RSD/% | Recovery/% | RSD/% | ||
甲基汞 MeHg | 1 | 77.5 | 5.60 | 67.2 | 17.8 |
2 | 79.6 | 5.34 | 71.3 | 15.4 | |
4 | 83.5 | 3.45 | 73.6 | 13.1 |
表2 甲基汞日内和日间精密度分析
Table 2 The intra?day precision and inter?day precision and recovery of methyl?mercury
目标物 Analyte | 加标浓度 Spiked concentration/(μg·kg-1) | 日内精密度 Intra?day | 日间精密度 Inter?day | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Recovery/% | RSD/% | Recovery/% | RSD/% | ||
甲基汞 MeHg | 1 | 77.5 | 5.60 | 67.2 | 17.8 |
2 | 79.6 | 5.34 | 71.3 | 15.4 | |
4 | 83.5 | 3.45 | 73.6 | 13.1 |
储存时间 Storage time/d | 加样浓度 Spiked concentration/(μg·kg-1) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 4 | |
室温下回收率 Recovery(RT)/% | 4 ℃回收率 Recovery(4 ℃)/% | -15 ℃回收率 Recovery(-15 ℃)/% | |||||||
1 | 79.0 | 82.5 | 84.3 | 79 | 82.5 | 84.3 | 79.0 | 82.5 | 84.3 |
2 | 75.0 | 79.5 | 80.3 | 75 | 79.5 | 80.3 | 78.0 | 81.0 | 83.5 |
3 | 71.0 | 73.5 | 75.3 | 70 | 75.5 | 77.8 | 73.0 | 80.0 | 82.5 |
4 | 62.0 | 65.5 | 68.0 | 67 | 72.5 | 75.5 | 71.0 | 80.0 | 81.3 |
5 | 49.0 | 55.5 | 60.3 | 64 | 67.5 | 71.3 | 69.0 | 78.5 | 79.8 |
10 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 59.0 | 71.0 | 75.3 |
12 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 58.0 | 70.0 | 73.3 |
15 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 56.0 | 67.4 | 71.3 |
表3 保存条件对不同浓度样品中甲基汞稳定性的影响
Table 3 Effects of storage conditions on the stability of methylmercury in samples with different concentrations
储存时间 Storage time/d | 加样浓度 Spiked concentration/(μg·kg-1) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 4 | |
室温下回收率 Recovery(RT)/% | 4 ℃回收率 Recovery(4 ℃)/% | -15 ℃回收率 Recovery(-15 ℃)/% | |||||||
1 | 79.0 | 82.5 | 84.3 | 79 | 82.5 | 84.3 | 79.0 | 82.5 | 84.3 |
2 | 75.0 | 79.5 | 80.3 | 75 | 79.5 | 80.3 | 78.0 | 81.0 | 83.5 |
3 | 71.0 | 73.5 | 75.3 | 70 | 75.5 | 77.8 | 73.0 | 80.0 | 82.5 |
4 | 62.0 | 65.5 | 68.0 | 67 | 72.5 | 75.5 | 71.0 | 80.0 | 81.3 |
5 | 49.0 | 55.5 | 60.3 | 64 | 67.5 | 71.3 | 69.0 | 78.5 | 79.8 |
10 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 59.0 | 71.0 | 75.3 |
12 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 58.0 | 70.0 | 73.3 |
15 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 56.0 | 67.4 | 71.3 |
平行样品编号 Sample number | 样品1 Sample 1 | 样品1加标 Spiked sample 1 | 样品2 Sample 2 | 样品2加标 Spiked sample 2 | 样品3 Sample 3 | 样品3加标 Spiked sample 3 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
甲基汞浓度 c(MeHg)/(μg·kg-1) | 1 | 0.79 | 1.61 | 2.38 | 4.21 | 1.31 | 2.10 | 2.92 | 4.27 | 0.93 | 1.69 | 2.59 | 4.39 |
2 | 0.84 | 1.45 | 2.56 | 4.26 | 1.39 | 2.06 | 2.65 | 4.31 | 0.95 | 1.62 | 2.51 | 4.08 | |
3 | 0.79 | 1.59 | 2.46 | 4.31 | 1.35 | 1.95 | 2.86 | 4.56 | 0.89 | 1.52 | 2.38 | 4.29 | |
4 | 0.89 | 1.64 | 2.65 | 4.45 | 1.27 | 1.91 | 3.05 | 4.30 | 0.92 | 1.66 | 2.18 | 4.02 | |
5 | 0.86 | 1.39 | 2.34 | 4.32 | 1.36 | 2.14 | 2.76 | 4.62 | 0.93 | 1.75 | 2.54 | 4.16 | |
6 | 0.75 | 1.52 | 2.31 | 4.39 | 1.24 | 2.24 | 2.81 | 4.34 | 0.95 | 1.62 | 2.31 | 4.59 | |
平均值 | 0.82 | 1.53 | 2.45 | 4.32 | 1.32 | 2.07 | 2.84 | 4.40 | 0.93 | 1.64 | 2.42 | 4.26 | |
标准偏差 SD | 0.052 | 0.098 | 0.133 | 0.087 | 0.057 | 0.122 | 0.137 | 0.151 | 0.022 | 0.078 | 0.157 | 0.213 | |
相对标准偏差 RSD/% | 6.36 | 6.40 | 5.44 | 2.00 | 4.34 | 5.90 | 4.83 | 3.44 | 2.40 | 4.72 | 6.48 | 5.00 | |
加标浓度 Spiked concentration/(μg·kg-1) | — | 1 | 2 | 4 | — | 1 | 2 | 4 | — | 1 | 2 | 4 | |
加标回收率 Spiked recovery/% | — | 71.3 | 81.5 | 87.6 | — | 74.7 | 76.1 | 77.0 | — | 71.3 | 74.4 | 83.1 |
表4 实际样品及加标分析
Table 4 The analysis of actual and spiked samples
平行样品编号 Sample number | 样品1 Sample 1 | 样品1加标 Spiked sample 1 | 样品2 Sample 2 | 样品2加标 Spiked sample 2 | 样品3 Sample 3 | 样品3加标 Spiked sample 3 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
甲基汞浓度 c(MeHg)/(μg·kg-1) | 1 | 0.79 | 1.61 | 2.38 | 4.21 | 1.31 | 2.10 | 2.92 | 4.27 | 0.93 | 1.69 | 2.59 | 4.39 |
2 | 0.84 | 1.45 | 2.56 | 4.26 | 1.39 | 2.06 | 2.65 | 4.31 | 0.95 | 1.62 | 2.51 | 4.08 | |
3 | 0.79 | 1.59 | 2.46 | 4.31 | 1.35 | 1.95 | 2.86 | 4.56 | 0.89 | 1.52 | 2.38 | 4.29 | |
4 | 0.89 | 1.64 | 2.65 | 4.45 | 1.27 | 1.91 | 3.05 | 4.30 | 0.92 | 1.66 | 2.18 | 4.02 | |
5 | 0.86 | 1.39 | 2.34 | 4.32 | 1.36 | 2.14 | 2.76 | 4.62 | 0.93 | 1.75 | 2.54 | 4.16 | |
6 | 0.75 | 1.52 | 2.31 | 4.39 | 1.24 | 2.24 | 2.81 | 4.34 | 0.95 | 1.62 | 2.31 | 4.59 | |
平均值 | 0.82 | 1.53 | 2.45 | 4.32 | 1.32 | 2.07 | 2.84 | 4.40 | 0.93 | 1.64 | 2.42 | 4.26 | |
标准偏差 SD | 0.052 | 0.098 | 0.133 | 0.087 | 0.057 | 0.122 | 0.137 | 0.151 | 0.022 | 0.078 | 0.157 | 0.213 | |
相对标准偏差 RSD/% | 6.36 | 6.40 | 5.44 | 2.00 | 4.34 | 5.90 | 4.83 | 3.44 | 2.40 | 4.72 | 6.48 | 5.00 | |
加标浓度 Spiked concentration/(μg·kg-1) | — | 1 | 2 | 4 | — | 1 | 2 | 4 | — | 1 | 2 | 4 | |
加标回收率 Spiked recovery/% | — | 71.3 | 81.5 | 87.6 | — | 74.7 | 76.1 | 77.0 | — | 71.3 | 74.4 | 83.1 |
目标物 Analyte | 基质 Matrix | 检测方法 Monitoring method | 前处理方式 Pretreatment | 耗时 Time | 有毒有害试剂Toxic reagents | 试剂毒性 大小/量 Toxicity | 操作难易度 Operation | 检出限 MDL | 文献 Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MeHg | Sediment | GC?ECD | Enrichment of thiol cotton | 6~8 h | Benzene | High toxicity | tedious | 0.02 μg/kg | GB/T 17132?1997 |
MeHg | Sediment | GC?AFS | Acid leaching | 3~4 h | CH2Cl2 | High toxicity | difficult | —— | [ |
MeHg | Soil | PT?GC?AFS | Acid leaching | 5 h | CH2Cl2 | High toxicity | difficult | 0.8 μg/kg | [ |
MeHg | Biological Samples | ICP?MS | Ultrasonic assisted Solvent extraction | 1 h | CH2Cl2 | Large number | difficult | 0.01 ng/mL | [ |
MeHg | Sediment | HPLC?CVAFS | Microwave assisted extraction | 30 min | 2? Mercaptoethanol | High toxicity | easy | 0.58 μg/kg | [ |
MeHg | Soil、Sediment | CV?AFS | Ultrasonic assisted extraction | 4 h | CH2Cl2 | Large number | difficult | 0.10 μg/kg | [ |
Alkyl mercury | Soil, Sediment | PT?GC?AFS | Alkaline digestion | 4 h | Sodium tetraphenyl boron,methanol | Low toxicity | easy | 0.02 μg/kg | [ |
MeHg | Soil | HPLC | Alkaline digestion | 2.5 h | Tetrabutylammonium bromide | Low toxicity | difficult | 10 μg/kg | [ |
MeHg | Soil, Sediment | GC?CVAFS | Acid leaching | 2 h | CH2Cl2,tetraethyl borate | High toxicity | difficult | 0.6 μg/kg | [ |
Hg2+ and MeHg | Water, Sediment | HPLC?ICP?MS | Solvent extraction | 2 h | n?Butanol | Non? toxicity | difficult | 0. 5 μg/L | [ |
Mercury species | Water, Sediment, Fish | CVAFS | Solvent extraction | —— | Methanol | Non?toxicity | difficult | —— | [ |
Mercury species | Sediment | HPLC?DBD plasma?CVG?AFS | Solvent extraction | 12 h | CH2Cl2 | High toxicity | difficult | 0.42 μg/L | [ |
Alkyl mercury | Drinking water | PT?GC?AFS | —— | 30 min | Sodium tetraphenyl boron,methanol | Low toxicity | easy | 0.0055 ng/L | [ |
Alkyl mercury | Food | HPLC?AFS | —— | 1 h | —— | Non?toxicity | easy | 0.2 μg/kg | [ |
Mercury species | Fish | UV?CVG?H PLC?ICP?MS | Alkaline digestion | 5 h | Methanol | Low toxicity | difficult | 0.0093 g/L | [ |
MeHg | Sediment | HPLC?AFS | Microwave assisted extraction?solid phase membrane extraction | 30 min | —— | Non?toxicity | easy | 0.2 μg/kg | This work |
表5 与文献方法比较
Table 5 Comparison with literature methods
目标物 Analyte | 基质 Matrix | 检测方法 Monitoring method | 前处理方式 Pretreatment | 耗时 Time | 有毒有害试剂Toxic reagents | 试剂毒性 大小/量 Toxicity | 操作难易度 Operation | 检出限 MDL | 文献 Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MeHg | Sediment | GC?ECD | Enrichment of thiol cotton | 6~8 h | Benzene | High toxicity | tedious | 0.02 μg/kg | GB/T 17132?1997 |
MeHg | Sediment | GC?AFS | Acid leaching | 3~4 h | CH2Cl2 | High toxicity | difficult | —— | [ |
MeHg | Soil | PT?GC?AFS | Acid leaching | 5 h | CH2Cl2 | High toxicity | difficult | 0.8 μg/kg | [ |
MeHg | Biological Samples | ICP?MS | Ultrasonic assisted Solvent extraction | 1 h | CH2Cl2 | Large number | difficult | 0.01 ng/mL | [ |
MeHg | Sediment | HPLC?CVAFS | Microwave assisted extraction | 30 min | 2? Mercaptoethanol | High toxicity | easy | 0.58 μg/kg | [ |
MeHg | Soil、Sediment | CV?AFS | Ultrasonic assisted extraction | 4 h | CH2Cl2 | Large number | difficult | 0.10 μg/kg | [ |
Alkyl mercury | Soil, Sediment | PT?GC?AFS | Alkaline digestion | 4 h | Sodium tetraphenyl boron,methanol | Low toxicity | easy | 0.02 μg/kg | [ |
MeHg | Soil | HPLC | Alkaline digestion | 2.5 h | Tetrabutylammonium bromide | Low toxicity | difficult | 10 μg/kg | [ |
MeHg | Soil, Sediment | GC?CVAFS | Acid leaching | 2 h | CH2Cl2,tetraethyl borate | High toxicity | difficult | 0.6 μg/kg | [ |
Hg2+ and MeHg | Water, Sediment | HPLC?ICP?MS | Solvent extraction | 2 h | n?Butanol | Non? toxicity | difficult | 0. 5 μg/L | [ |
Mercury species | Water, Sediment, Fish | CVAFS | Solvent extraction | —— | Methanol | Non?toxicity | difficult | —— | [ |
Mercury species | Sediment | HPLC?DBD plasma?CVG?AFS | Solvent extraction | 12 h | CH2Cl2 | High toxicity | difficult | 0.42 μg/L | [ |
Alkyl mercury | Drinking water | PT?GC?AFS | —— | 30 min | Sodium tetraphenyl boron,methanol | Low toxicity | easy | 0.0055 ng/L | [ |
Alkyl mercury | Food | HPLC?AFS | —— | 1 h | —— | Non?toxicity | easy | 0.2 μg/kg | [ |
Mercury species | Fish | UV?CVG?H PLC?ICP?MS | Alkaline digestion | 5 h | Methanol | Low toxicity | difficult | 0.0093 g/L | [ |
MeHg | Sediment | HPLC?AFS | Microwave assisted extraction?solid phase membrane extraction | 30 min | —— | Non?toxicity | easy | 0.2 μg/kg | This work |
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