应用化学 ›› 2024, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (3): 349-364.DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.230238
• 综合评述 • 上一篇
程羽1, 何灵均1, 林楚园1, 林慧1, 肖富玉1, 赖文斌1, 钱庆荣1,2, 黄晓霞3(), 陈庆华1,2, 曾令兴1,2()
收稿日期:
2023-08-09
接受日期:
2024-01-01
出版日期:
2024-03-01
发布日期:
2024-04-09
通讯作者:
黄晓霞,曾令兴
作者简介:
zenglingxing@fjnu.cdu.cn基金资助:
Yu CHENG1, Ling-Jun HE1, Chu-Yuan LIN1, Hui LIN1, Fu-Yu XIAO1, Wen-Bin LAI1, Qing-Rong QIAN1,2, Xiao-Xia HUANG3(), Qing-Hua CHEN1,2, Ling-Xing ZENG1,2()
Received:
2023-08-09
Accepted:
2024-01-01
Published:
2024-03-01
Online:
2024-04-09
Contact:
Xiao-Xia HUANG,Ling-Xing ZENG
Supported by:
摘要:
在资源短缺、能源需求倍增的当今世界,水系锌离子电池(AZIBs)作为一种大规模储能技术以其具有高安全性、低成本、高容量和快速充放电等优势脱颖而出。随着对能源多元化应用场景的增加,AZIBs被开发并应用于多种极端环境。然而,电池中的自由水分子会引发一系列的不良反应,导致电池出现容量下降和寿命缩短的问题。在低温条件下,溶剂水的冻结会引起AZIBs的离子电导率降低、电荷转移阻抗增加,导致电池速率性能下降。在高温条件下,溶剂水的快速蒸发会产生气泡和气体膨胀,水诱导的副反应加剧,同时电极材料也会出现腐蚀和溶解,从而影响电池寿命。针对这些挑战,在这篇综述中,分别总结了针对水系锌离子电池在高温与低温下的研究进展,提出了适用于低温、高温以及同时适用于高低温的电解质策略,重点研究了高浓度电解质、凝胶电解质、电解质添加剂和共晶电解质降低电解质凝固点、提高低温电化学性能的机理,并对进一步提高水系锌离子电池的宽温域性能和工业应用进行了展望。
中图分类号:
程羽, 何灵均, 林楚园, 林慧, 肖富玉, 赖文斌, 钱庆荣, 黄晓霞, 陈庆华, 曾令兴. 水系锌离子电池宽温域性能的电解质改性策略研究进展[J]. 应用化学, 2024, 41(3): 349-364.
Yu CHENG, Ling-Jun HE, Chu-Yuan LIN, Hui LIN, Fu-Yu XIAO, Wen-Bin LAI, Qing-Rong QIAN, Xiao-Xia HUANG, Qing-Hua CHEN, Ling-Xing ZENG. Progress Research on Electrolyte Modification Strategy to Improve the Performance of Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries Within the Wide Temperature Range[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2024, 41(3): 349-364.
图2 (a)“盐包水”的作用机理[29]; (b)不同浓度Zn(BF4)2中2种氢键的占比[38]; (c) Zn//TCBQ电池在-95~-60 ℃温度范围内的充放电曲线[38]; (d)计算Zn2+溶剂化构型和Mg2+溶剂化构型的形成能和水合半径[53]; (e)不同类型氢键的比例[37]; (f) PAM-H2O-Gly、PAM-H2O-EG、PVA-H2O-Gly和PAA-H2O-Gly的DFT优化结构[53]; (g) PAM-H2O-Gly、PAM-H2O-EG、PVA-H2O-Gly和PAA-H2O-Gly的相互作用能和氢键的平均长度[51]; (h)防冻水凝胶电解质的原理图和机理[54]; (i)通过DFT模拟计算得到Zn(BF4)2-PAM-H2O体系和ZnSO4-PAM-H2O体系的结合能[54]; (j) MD模拟得到的水分子间形成氢键的平均数[54]
Fig.2 (a) The mechanism of “water-in-salt” electrolyte action[29]; (b) The proportion of two hydrogen bonds in different concentrations of Zn(BF4)2[38]; (c) The charge-discharge curves of Zn//TCBQ battery in the temperature range from -95 ℃ to -60 ℃ were obtained[38]; (d) The calculated formation energy and hydrated radius of Zn2+ solvation configuration and Mg2+ solvation configuration[51]; (e) The ratio of different types of HBs[37]; (f) DFT optimized structures of PAM-H2O-Gly, PAM-H2O-EG, PVA-H2O-Gly and PAA-H2O-Gly were obtained; (g) The interaction energies and the average length of hydrogen bonds of PAM-H2O-Gly, PAM-H2O-EG, PVA-H2O-Gly and PAA-H2O-Gly were calculated[51]; (h) The principle diagram and mechanism of antifreeze hydrogel electrolyte[54]; (i) The binding energy of Zn(BF4)2-PAM-H2O system and ZnSO4-PAM-H2O system obtained by DFT simulation[54]; (j) The average number of H-bonds formed between water molecules obtained by MD simulation[54]
图3 (a)不同组合电解质的Eb值[67]; (b)含/不含CH3COONH4添加剂的电解质中Zn表面演变的示意图[68]; (c)锌对称电池-10 ℃下在ZnSO4∶CH3COONH4电解质和ZnSO4电解质中的长寿命循环性能[68]; (d)低温水系锌电池的细胞-核结构电解质设计示意图[69]; (e)表示具有DAA、DDAA、DA、DDA和非HB的H2O分子的示意模式[69]; (f)有无山梨醇添加剂的锌沉积过程对比[70]; (g)不同山梨醇添加量电解液的离子电导率值, g中插图为未添加山梨醇的2 mol/L ZnSO4水系电解液在-10 ℃的照片[70]
Fig.3 (a) Eb values of different couples[67]; (b) A schematic diagram of Zn surface evolution in electrolytes with/without CH3COONH4 additives[68]; (c) Long-life cycling performance of zinc symmetric cells in ZnSO4∶CH3COONH4 and ZnSO4 electrolytes at -10 ℃[68]; (d) Schematic illustration of the cell-nucleus structured electrolyte design for low temperature aqueous Zn batteries[69]; (e) A schematic pattern of H2O molecules with DAA, DDAA, DA, DDA and non-HB[69]; (f) Comparison of Zn deposition process with or without sorbitol additive[70]; (g) Ionic conductivity values of the electrolytes with different amounts of sorbitol, The inset in g shows the photograph of 2 mol/L ZnSO4 aqueous electrolyte without sorbitol at -10 ℃[70]
图4 (a)共晶溶剂化结构的结构示意图[8]; (b)环丁砜的加入破坏了本体H—O—H…O—H网络,并形成一种新型的环丁砜-H2O网络[72]; (c)基于1∶1电解质的Zn-VOH电池在-20 ℃下的倍率性能[72]; (d) -20 ℃不同溶剂化结构对Zn镀层影响的示意图[74]
Fig.4 (a) Structure diagram of cocrystal solvation structure[8]; (b) The addition of sulfolane destroyed the bulk H—O—H…O—H hydrogen bond network and formed a new type of sulfolane-H2O hydrogen bond[72]; (c) The rate performance of Zn-VOH battery based on 1∶1 electrolyte at -20 ℃[72]; (d) The schematic diagram of the effect of different solvation structures on Zn coating at -20 ℃[74]
图5 (a) PVA基凝胶电解质示意图[80]; (b)组装的防冻FZHSC在80、30、0和-30 ℃下的循环性能[80]; (c)合成PDZ-H电解质的过程示意图[65]; (d)不同温度下PDZ-H电解质的离子电导率[65]; (e)温度调节水凝胶电解质机制示意图[81]; (f)温度从30 ℃上升到100 ℃时,空白电解质(BE)、基线水凝胶电解质(BHE)和TRHE的袋装电池的表观体积膨胀[81]
Fig.5 (a) The PVA-based gel electrolyte schematic[80]; (b) The cycle performance of the assembled antifreeze FZHSC at 80, 30, 0 and -30 ℃[80]; (c) Schematic diagram of synthesis process of the PDZ-H electrolyte[65]; (d) The ionic conductivity of the PDZ-H electrolyte at different temperature[65]; (e) The schematic diagram of the temperature-regulated hydrogel electrolyte mechanism[81]; (f) When the temperature rises from 30 ℃ to 100 ℃, the apparent volume expansion of the blank electrolyte (BE), the baseline hydrogel electrolyte (BHE) and the TRHE bagged cell[81]
图6 (a) 25 ℃下Zn(OTf)2-H2O和Zn(OTf)2-H2O/PD电解质中不同试剂与Zn2+配位的比率[82]; (b) Zn(OTf)2-PD和Zn(OTf)2-H2O/PD电解质的点火试验[82]; (c) pH值低至3.23的2 mol/L-P5W5共溶剂电解质的酸性环境可能有利于在较宽的温度条件下抑制副产物的生长[76]; 在不含(d)或与(e)多羟基聚合物共溶剂的水电解质中镀锌演示图[76]; (f) 1 mol/L ZnSO4和30 mol/L ZnCl2电解质的电化学反应示意图[83]; (g) V2O5阴极在各种电解质中高温储存(55 ℃)后的电荷保持和电荷回收[83]
Fig.6 (a) The coordination ratios of different reagents to Zn2+ in Zn(OTf)2-H2O and Zn(OTf)2-H2O/PD electrolytes at 25 ℃[82]; (b) Ignition test of Zn(OTf)2-PD electrolyte and Zn (OTf)2-H2O/PD electrolyte[82]; (c) The acidic environment of the 2 mol/L-P5W5 cosolvent electrolyte with a pH value as low as 3.23 may be beneficial to inhibit the growth of by-products at a wide temperature[76]; the zinc plating demonstration diagram in a water electrolyte without (d) or with (e) polyhydroxy polymer cosolvent[76]; (f) The electrochemical reaction diagram of 1 mol/L ZnSO4 and 30 mol/L ZnCl2 electrolyte[83]; (g) The charge retention and charge recovery of V2O5 cathode after high temperature storage (55 ℃) in various electrolytes[83]
图7 (a)不含和含APA的Zn(OTf)2水性电解质中形态演变的示意图[85]; (b)基于PMPG-25 GPE储能装置的ZIHC在5 A/g的循环性能[86]
Fig.7 (a) The schematic diagram of the morphological evolution of Zn(OTf)2 aqueous electrolytes without and with APA[85]; (b) The cycle performance of ZIHC based on PMPG-25 GPE energy storage device at 5 A/g is studied[86]
Electrolyte | Category | Cathode | Ionicconductivity/ (mS·cm-1·℃-1) | Operating temperature range/℃ | Freezing point/℃ | Capacity/((mA·h·g-1)|(A·g-1)) | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4 mol/L Zn(BF4)2 | High-concentration electrolyte | TCBQ | 1.47/-70 | -95~25 | -122 | -95 ℃:63.5/0.22 | 2021[ |
3.5 mol/L Mg(ClO4)2+1 mol/L Zn(ClO4)2 | High-concentration electrolyte | PTO | 1.41/-70 | -70~25 | -121 | -70 ℃:101.5/0.2 | 2021[ |
PAM-H2O-Gly-20% | Gel electrolyte | SWCNTs/PANI | 0.096 5/-40 | -40~20 | * | -40 ℃:52/1 | 2022[ |
3 mol/L Zn(BF4)2-PAM | Gel electrolyte | PANI | 2.38/-70 | -70~25 | * | -70 ℃:33.5/0.25 | 2023[ |
0.5 mol/L [BMIM]OTF+3 mol/L Zn(OTF)2 | Electrolyte additives | H11Al2V6O23.2(HAVO) | 27.7/-40 | -40~25 | * | -30 ℃:165/2 | 2022[ |
ZnSO4∶CH3COONH4 | Electrolyte additives | Zn | * | -10~25 | * | * | 2022[ |
DME(DME∶DME+H2O=0.15)+1 mol/L Zn(OTf)2 | Electrolyte additives | V2O5 | 1.06/-40 | -40~25 | -52.4 | -40 ℃:212.4/0.5 | 2023[ |
10% C6H14O6 | Electrolyte additives | MnO2 | 17.2/-10 | -10~20 | -18 | -10 ℃:101.9/5 | 2023[ |
30% 2-propanol/H2O/Zn(OTf)2 | Eutectic electrolyte | V2O5 | * | -20~25 | <-100 | * | 2022[ |
Zn(TFSI)2-sulfolane-H2O(1∶1) | Eutectic electrolyte | V2O5·nH2O | * | -20~25 | <-80 | * | 2023[ |
3 mol/L ZnOAc1.2Cl1.8-DOL | Eutectic electrolyte | AC | * | -20~20 | * | * | 2023[ |
PVA/Gly/ZnCl2 | Gel electrolyte | δ-MnO2 | 0.21/-50 | -30~80 | -105.73 | * | 2022[ |
PAAm/DMSO/Zn(CF3SO3)2 | Gel electrolyte | Zn3V2O8 | * | -40~60 | <-40 | * | 2022[ |
PEG+AGr | Gel electrolyte | Na5V12O32(NVO) | * | 30~100 | * | * | 2022[ |
Zn(OTf)2-H2O/PD | Electrolyte additives | Te | 12.8/100 | 30~100 | * | 100 ℃:195.7/2C | 2022[ |
50%PEG+50%H2O+2 mol/L Zn(OTf)2 | Electrolyte additives | PANI@V2O5 | 87/100 | -20~80 | -93.04 | 60 ℃:310/2 | 2022[ |
30 mol/L ZnCl2 | High-concentration electrolyte | V2O5 | * | 55 | * | * | 2021[ |
1% APA+3 mol/L Zn(OTf)2 | Electrolyte additives | Zn | * | -30~50 | * | * | 2023[ |
PMPG-25 GPE+2 mol/L ZnCl2 | Gel electrolyte | AC/CC | * | -20~60 | * | * | 2023[ |
表1 AZIBs物理化学性能及电化学性能对比表
Table 1 Comparison of physical and chemical properties and electrochemical properties of aqueous zinc ion batteries
Electrolyte | Category | Cathode | Ionicconductivity/ (mS·cm-1·℃-1) | Operating temperature range/℃ | Freezing point/℃ | Capacity/((mA·h·g-1)|(A·g-1)) | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4 mol/L Zn(BF4)2 | High-concentration electrolyte | TCBQ | 1.47/-70 | -95~25 | -122 | -95 ℃:63.5/0.22 | 2021[ |
3.5 mol/L Mg(ClO4)2+1 mol/L Zn(ClO4)2 | High-concentration electrolyte | PTO | 1.41/-70 | -70~25 | -121 | -70 ℃:101.5/0.2 | 2021[ |
PAM-H2O-Gly-20% | Gel electrolyte | SWCNTs/PANI | 0.096 5/-40 | -40~20 | * | -40 ℃:52/1 | 2022[ |
3 mol/L Zn(BF4)2-PAM | Gel electrolyte | PANI | 2.38/-70 | -70~25 | * | -70 ℃:33.5/0.25 | 2023[ |
0.5 mol/L [BMIM]OTF+3 mol/L Zn(OTF)2 | Electrolyte additives | H11Al2V6O23.2(HAVO) | 27.7/-40 | -40~25 | * | -30 ℃:165/2 | 2022[ |
ZnSO4∶CH3COONH4 | Electrolyte additives | Zn | * | -10~25 | * | * | 2022[ |
DME(DME∶DME+H2O=0.15)+1 mol/L Zn(OTf)2 | Electrolyte additives | V2O5 | 1.06/-40 | -40~25 | -52.4 | -40 ℃:212.4/0.5 | 2023[ |
10% C6H14O6 | Electrolyte additives | MnO2 | 17.2/-10 | -10~20 | -18 | -10 ℃:101.9/5 | 2023[ |
30% 2-propanol/H2O/Zn(OTf)2 | Eutectic electrolyte | V2O5 | * | -20~25 | <-100 | * | 2022[ |
Zn(TFSI)2-sulfolane-H2O(1∶1) | Eutectic electrolyte | V2O5·nH2O | * | -20~25 | <-80 | * | 2023[ |
3 mol/L ZnOAc1.2Cl1.8-DOL | Eutectic electrolyte | AC | * | -20~20 | * | * | 2023[ |
PVA/Gly/ZnCl2 | Gel electrolyte | δ-MnO2 | 0.21/-50 | -30~80 | -105.73 | * | 2022[ |
PAAm/DMSO/Zn(CF3SO3)2 | Gel electrolyte | Zn3V2O8 | * | -40~60 | <-40 | * | 2022[ |
PEG+AGr | Gel electrolyte | Na5V12O32(NVO) | * | 30~100 | * | * | 2022[ |
Zn(OTf)2-H2O/PD | Electrolyte additives | Te | 12.8/100 | 30~100 | * | 100 ℃:195.7/2C | 2022[ |
50%PEG+50%H2O+2 mol/L Zn(OTf)2 | Electrolyte additives | PANI@V2O5 | 87/100 | -20~80 | -93.04 | 60 ℃:310/2 | 2022[ |
30 mol/L ZnCl2 | High-concentration electrolyte | V2O5 | * | 55 | * | * | 2021[ |
1% APA+3 mol/L Zn(OTf)2 | Electrolyte additives | Zn | * | -30~50 | * | * | 2023[ |
PMPG-25 GPE+2 mol/L ZnCl2 | Gel electrolyte | AC/CC | * | -20~60 | * | * | 2023[ |
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