Recent Progress in Nitrogen Fixation via Gliding Arc Plasma

doi:10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.220352

Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry ›› 2023, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (7): 923-937.DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.220352

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Recent Progress in Nitrogen Fixation via Gliding Arc Plasma

Xiao-Fang XU, Qiang CHEN, Hai-Bao ZHANG()

Laboratory of Plasma Physics and Materials，Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication，Beijing 102600，China

Received:2022-10-27 Accepted:2023-04-08 Published:2023-07-01 Online:2023-07-19
Contact: Hai-Bao ZHANG
About author:hbzhang@bigc.edu.cn
Supported by:
the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No.?11875090）?, Beijing Municipal National Science Foundation(1192008);Beijing Municipal Education Commission Project(KM202010015003)

Abstract

Abstract:

Traditional industrial nitrogen fixation （NF） process uses the Haber-Bosch process which requires high temperature and high pressure， causing high energy consumption and serious pollution. Gliding arc plasma （GAP） combines the advantages of thermal plasma and cold plasma， which can efficiently produce active species and improve energy efficiency obviously. It has great application potential in the field of NF， and has received extensive attention in recent years. However， the research on NF via GAP is relatively fragmented at present. It is necessary to summarize the specific content. The research progress of NF via GAP at home and abroad in past 10 years is reviewed in this paper， mainly including GAP discharge mechanism， reactor design， process parameters and NF reaction mechanism. GAP discharge has B-G mode with breakdown following gliding discharge and A-G mode with continuous steady discharge. A-G mode discharge helps to improve nitrogen fixation efficiency. With the continuous development of GAP discharge technology， the electrode structure in GAP reactor has evolved from the traditional 2D blade structure to a variety of 3D cylindrical structures. Based on process optimization， GAP facilitates the vibrational excitation of N₂ molecules， thereby promoting the splitting and transformation of N₂ molecules. In the last， the research on NF through GAP is prospected.

Key words: Gliding arc plasma, Reactor, Energy consumption, Reaction mechanism

CLC Number:

O646.9

Xiao-Fang XU, Qiang CHEN, Hai-Bao ZHANG. Recent Progress in Nitrogen Fixation via Gliding Arc Plasma[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2023, 40(7): 923-937.

Figures/Tables 9

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of typical gliding arc discharge：（A） 2D knife electrode discharge；（B） 3D rotating electrode discharge［42］

Fig.2 Photos of GAP in two different states：（A） Discharge state Ⅰ；（B） Discharge state Ⅱ［45］

Fig.3 Electric signal and arc image of rotating gliding arc discharge in 2 different modes：（A， B） The electrical signal curve of a gliding period；（C， D） Gliding arc discharge image （left） and a cycle of gliding arc motion process image （right）；（E， F） Synchronization of gliding arc moving image and electric signal；（G） Schematic diagram of control mechanism of gliding arc discharge characteristics （A， C， E for B-G mode， B， D， F for A-G mode）［42］

Fig.4 Electrical signals of the N2 and air rotating GAP at different gas flow rates［47］

Fig.5 Evolution of the gliding arc reactor：（A） Blade gliding arc plasma reactor［52］，（B） Magnetically driven gliding arc plasma reactor［39］，（C） Cyclonic gliding arc plasma reactor［43］，（D） Reverse eddy current gliding arc plasma reactor［20］，（E） Forward and reverse gliding arc plasma reactors［56］

Fig.6 Schematic diagram of the electrode configuration type of the arc-slip plasma reactor：（A） Ring type ［57］，（B） Spiral type［59-60］，（C） Cone type［62］，（D） Rod type［63］，（E） Laval nozzle ［64］，（F） Reactor wall type［65］

Table 1 Existing types of electrode configurations and operational details of GAP

No.	Electrode configuration	Configuration details	Power supply	Feed gas	Flow rate （LPM）	Ref.
1	Ring-Type	Ring-Disc	DC	Air	30~75	［57］
2	Spiral-Type	Spiral-Disc	DC	Air	30~75	［59］［60］［61］
		Spiral-Disc	DC	Air	＜12
		Spiral-Ring	DC	Air	11
		Helical-Vortex chamber	60 Hz	Air， Biogas	12，36
		Disc-rod+spiral SMAE	5 kHz	Air	Re＜2609
3	Taper-Type	Solid cone-Cylinder	10 kHz	CH₄， Air	10~20	［62］
4	Rod-Type	Rod-Reactor wall	50 Hz	Air	2	［63］
4	Rod-Type	Rod-Reactor wall	50 Hz	Humid air	2	［63］
5	Laval Nozzle Type	Laval nozzle Rod	50 Hz	N₂， O₂， Air	16~66	［64］
6	Reactor Wall Type	Reactor wall feed outlet	DC	Argon， CO₂	10~22	［65］

Table 2 Effect of operating conditions on synthesis concentration， energy consumption， and selectivity of NO x

No.	Reactor	Flow rate/（L·min^-1）	SEI/（kJ·L^-1）	NO _x con./%	Energy cons./（GJ·tN^-1）	Selectivity/%	Ref.
1	2D Blade type	2	1.40	0.90	286	–	［5］
2	Tubular type	10	2.74	1.50	257	93	［34］
3	2D Blade type	1	0.58	0.95	103	–	［66-67］
4	Screening type	1	–	0.10	1 714	75	［73］
5	Rotating type	20	2.72	1.80	497	60	［74］
		20	0.60	0.79	131	89
		170	0.64	0.74	148	90
		170	0.08	0.28	48	95
6	Screw-type	3	2.66	0.40	253	–	［75］

Fig.7 Major chemical pathways of NO x in GAP［5］

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Recent Progress in Nitrogen Fixation via Gliding Arc Plasma

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