Review of Perovskite Photovoltaic Cell Encapsulation Material and Technology

doi:10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.210521

Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry ›› 2022, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (9): 1321-1344.DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.210521

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Review of Perovskite Photovoltaic Cell Encapsulation Material and Technology

Ting WANG¹^,², Qi WEI¹^,², Qiang FU¹^,², Wei LI¹(), Shi-Wei WANG¹^,²()

^1.College of Chemical Engineering，Changchun University of Technology，Changchun 130012，China
^2.Advanced Research Institute of Materials Science，Changchun University of Technology，Changchun 130012，China

Received:2021-11-01 Accepted:2022-02-22 Published:2022-09-01 Online:2022-09-08
Contact: Wei LI,Shi-Wei WANG
About author:wswjldx2004@163.com
Supported by:
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21204087);Jilin Science and Technology Development Project(20200403142SF);the 17th Batch of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Talent Foundation of Jilin Province(2021Y002);Changchun Science and Technology Development Plan(21ZY39);Industrialization Research Project of the Education Department of Jilin Province(JJKH20210766KJ)

Abstract

Abstract:

As the third generation of new concept solar cells， perovskite solar cells have the advantages of high photoelectric conversion efficiency， low-cost and flexible processing. They have been developed rapidly in recent years. Their photoelectric conversion efficiency has increased from 3.8% at the beginning to 25.5% in the near future. They are gradually comparable to silicon cells and have been close to the level of commercial application. At present， the key link to realize the industrial application of perovskite solar cells is battery packaging. It can not only solve the stability problem of perovskite photovoltaic devices， but also meet the requirements of battery safety， environmental protection and prolonging service life. Combined with the development status of perovskite photovoltaic cell packaging materials and packaging technology in recent ten years， this paper introduces the achievements and shortcomings in the field of perovskite cell packaging， and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the existing packaging technologies， as well as their applicable different device types. Under different temperature and humidity conditions， the effects of different packaging material properties and packaging process conditions on the efficiency and stability of perovskite battery are compared， and three key factors affecting the packaging effect of perovskite battery thin film are summarized： elastic modulus of polymer， water vapor transmittance and processing temperature. The suitable processing temperature， advantages and disadvantages and processing cost of different polymer film packaging materials are compared. It can be seen that with the strong growth of industrial demand for perovskite photovoltaic cells and the deepening of people's research on their packaging materials， it will be an inevitable trend to study new functional polymer packaging materials suitable for large-scale production and photovoltaic building integration.

Key words: Perovskite solar cell, Encapsulation, Stability, Photovoltaic building integration

CLC Number:

O649

Ting WANG, Qi WEI, Qiang FU, Wei LI, Shi-Wei WANG. Review of Perovskite Photovoltaic Cell Encapsulation Material and Technology[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2022, 39(9): 1321-1344.

Figures/Tables 34

Fig.1 （a）n-i-p planar perovskite solar cell；（b）p-i-n planar perovskite solar cell；（c）Mesoporous perovskite solar cell

Fig.2 （a）Protective layer as encapsulation materials covers the active area；（b）The sealant is placed on the edge of the active area［56］

Fig.3 （a）Package with thermoplastic sealant（Surlyn60）；（b） Package with ultraviolet curing adhesive（Three bond）；（c） Package with UV curable adhesive；（d） Package with polyimide tape and UV curable adhesive；（e） Use polyimide tape as primary seal， UV curable adhesive glass as secondary seal， and the most additional edge seal of three adhesive；（f） Unpacked blank sample［62］

Fig.4 Cross-sectional schematics and plan-view photographs from the FTO glass side of PSCs encapsulated by three methods（not to scale）［63］

Fig.5 Pictures taken under a solar lamp of the 1st generation encapsulated PSCs in （a） Ethylene Vinyl Acetate（EVA）；（b） Surlyn；（c） 3M′s Polyolefin after 20 hours at 120 ℃-100% relative humidity. Another set of pictures taken under the lamp of the 2nd generation encapsulated PSCs in （d） “CVF” Polyolefin with 20 MPa elastic modulus and （e） “ENLIGHT” Polyolefin with 7 MPa elastic modulus after 1024 h aging at 85 ℃ in ambient. The top protective ITOs are outlined in （b） and （e） as dash rectangles［64］

Fig.6 Schematic diagram of perovskite solar cell packaging［67］

Fig.7 The schematic of encapsulation structure of （a） UVCA with paraffin and （b） UVCA without paraffin. The two-sided photo-image of device encapsulated by UVCA with paraffin of （c） and （e）. The two-sided photo-image of device encapsulated by UVCA without paraffin of （d） and （f）［68］

Fig.8 Schematic illustration（top row）of glass-to-glass encapsulation of perovskite solar cell；（a） Perovskite solar cell on FTO glass substrate；（b） Epoxy edge sealant dispensed cover glass；（c） Stacking and UV curing. Actual photographs at respective stages are shown in the bottom row［69］

Fig.9 Scheme of the laser-assisted glass frit sealing process with dual laser beam configuration［70］

Fig.10 Schematic representation of （a） “partial” and （b） “complete” encapsulation architectures［71］

Fig.11 （a） Layouts used to measure the degradation of calcium sensors （left） and perovskite solar cells （PSC， right）. Calcium test devices had an architecture of glass/ITO/calcium/adhesive/barrier， and PSCs had a structure of glass/ITO/SnO2/Al2O3/MAPbI3/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au/adhesive/barrier. Different barriers were tested including PET， glass， and ultra-high permeation barrier films（UHPBF）. （b） Photograph of flexible PET， UHPBF-R， and UHPBF-S barriers， and rigid glass barrier. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） of （c） PET/ZTO/ORMOCER/ZTO （UHPB F-R） and （d） PEN/ZTO/ORMOCER/ZTO/ORMOCER/ZTO/SiO x C y Hz （UHPBF-S） barriers［82］

Fig.12 （a） Cross-sectional SEM image of the perovskite cell；（b） Schematic diagram of inner-encapsulated PSCs′ structure［84］

Fig.13 Schematic showing the encapsulation methods A，B，C and D［86］

Fig.14 （a） The scheme of the encapsulation of printable PSCs based on hot melt films and glass sheets；（b） The digital images of the encapsulated cells［89］

Fig.15 Representative cross-sectional SEM image of an encapsulated （FTO/cTiO2/mTiO2/MAPI/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au/ADA） devices［91］

Fig.16 Schematic of module configurations with encapsulation methods［93］

Fig.17 Schematic of module configurations（Devices Ⅰ，Ⅱ，Ⅲ and Ⅳ） with different encapsulation methods［94］

Fig.18 Schematic representation of the packaged device［95］

Fig.19 Schematic illustration of the PSC structure［96］

Fig.20 Fabrication process of PSCs encapsulated with EVOH/S5/UV/G1［97］

Fig.21 Device structure of the encapsulated PSC［98］

Fig.22 Schematic of triple cations mixed halide based perovskite devices with 30 nm ALD-Al2O3 on top of gold act as encap-sulant［99］

Fig.23 Schematic of the FTO/bl-TiO2/mp-TiO2/MAPbI3/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au architecture with the ALD-Al2O3 encapsulation layer proposed in this work （not to scale）［101］

Fig.24 （a） Structure schematic diagram of the perovskite solar cell and cross-section SEM image of perovskite solar cell with the encapsulation layer；（b） TEM image of the barrier layer on the perovskite solar cells［103］

Fig.25 （a） A schematic of the fabrication and testing routine used to create perovskite solar cells incorporating a PVP/epoxy encapsulation；（b） Device architecture showing all layers， together with their approximate thicknesses［104］

Fig.26 （Right） Schematic illustration of the encapsulated PSC and （left） the cross-sectional SEM image of the TFE［105］

Fig.27 （a） Device structure of perovskite solar cells and illustration of perovskite decomposition；（b） Protection mechanism of encapsulation layers in perovskite solar cells and the layer structures of single composite and double composite encapsulation layers［107］

Table 1 Comparison of different polymer packaging materials

聚合物封装材料 Polymer encapsulation materials	封装温度 Encapsulation temperature/℃	成本 Cost（$/kg）	参考文献 Ref.
PIB	90~160	0.22~6.8	［63］
EVA	140~150	3.3~4.7	［63，68］
Surlyn	140	7.06（Surlyn DuPont 1702?1）	［109］
POE	150	1.85（DuPont 8150）	［110］
UV curable resin	20	145	［63］
TPU	80~140	4.87（TPU 460 Bayer）	［111］

Fig.28 Schematic view of （a） the triple layer glass frit laser assisted sealing configuration and （b） encapsulated HTM-free PSC device［112］

Fig.29 Long-term stability test of the flexible PSCs left in encapsulated in cylindrical type and without encapsulation（a-d）. Photographs of the cylindrical type encapsulated device from different angles（e-g）［114］

Fig.30 Schematic illustration showing （A） the mixing of the FA-based perovskite precursor solution and the silica precursors in “one pot”，（B） the formation of silica oligomers via the hydrolysis reaction of TEOS with water and （C） the formation process of the FA-based perovskite film consisting of individual silica-encapsulated grains from the silica-oligomers-containing precursor solution［115］

Fig.31 （a） SEM image of cross section of the semitransparent solar cell with the layer sequence： Glass/ITO/PEDOT：PSS/ MAPbI3/PCBM/AZO/SnO x /Ag/SnO x；（b）Representative J-V characteristics measured in the forward and reverse direction. Note， current density values have been corrected for spectral mismatch of our AM1.5 light source by using external quantum efficiency （EQE） data. The inset shows the corresponding photovoltaic parameters［116］

Fig.32 Illustration of the device architecture with FPPS cross-linked to C-FPPS［118］

Fig.33 Ex situ UV-Vis absorption spectra of perovskite film （a）， perovskite/spiro-OMeTAD film （b）， perovskite/PI tape film （c） and perovskite/spiro-OMeTAD/PI tape film （d） after immersion in DI water for different time［119］

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Review of Perovskite Photovoltaic Cell Encapsulation Material and Technology

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