Comparison of the Efficacy of Silica-Alumina-Based Metal-Loaded Catalytic Ozone Oxidation of Organic Matter in Coking Wastewater

doi:10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.240236

Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry ›› 2025, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (3): 330-344.DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.240236

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Comparison of the Efficacy of Silica-Alumina-Based Metal-Loaded Catalytic Ozone Oxidation of Organic Matter in Coking Wastewater

Wen-Jia LIU¹^,³, Meng-Xin YANG²^,³, Ya-Jing WANG²^,³, Yan-Fang LIU²^,³(), Miao-Yu ZHANG²^,³, Yi-Heng XIONG²

^1.Hebei University of Science and Technology，School of Civil Engineering，Shijiazhuang 050018，China
^2.Hebei University of Science and Technology，College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering，Shijiazhuang 050018，China
^3.Hebei Key Laboratory of Pollution Prevention Biotechnology，Hebei Province，Shijiazhuang 050018，China

Received:2024-07-29 Accepted:2025-02-13 Published:2025-03-01 Online:2025-04-11
Contact: Yan-Fang LIU
About author:lyftry@126.com
Supported by:
Hebei Province Key Research and Development Plan Project(19273601D)

Abstract

Abstract:

Iron， copper， and titanium metal oxide-loaded catalysts， with a silica-aluminum base as the carrier， were prepared using the impregnation method to catalyze the ozonation treatment of biochemical effluent from coking wastewater （BTCW）. The degradation of typical organic compounds （phenol， quinoline， and ethylene glycol） in the wastewater and the corresponding degradation mechanisms were investigated. The results showed that the silica-alumina-supported iron catalyst （Fe@SA） exhibited the best catalytic performance. For phenol， quinoline， and ethylene glycol wastewaters （initial concentration of 200 mg/L）， the Chemical Oxygen Demand （COD） removals in the Fe@SA catalytic ozone oxidation system were 84.56%， 39.38%， and 17.40%， respectively， which were 5%， 6.36%， and 10.06% higher than those in the ozone oxidation system alone. The Total Organic Carbon （TOC） removal rates were 85.38%， 15.07%， and 79.98%， respectively， representing improvements of 40.48%， 15.07%， and 79.98% compared to the ozone oxidation system alone. The removal efficiencies of phenol， quinoline， and ethylene glycol in the Fe@SA catalytic ozone oxidation system were 99.99%， 72.79%， and 99.79%， respectively. The results for actual BTCW showed that the Fe@SA catalytic ozone oxidation system achieved COD and TOC removal rates of 48.40% and 52.87%， respectively. Stability tests indicated that Fe@SA maintained high catalytic activity after five cycles of reuse， with COD and TOC removal rates decreasing by no more than 2%. Characterization analyses revealed that the Fe@SA primarily on electron transfer between different valence states of iron ions and its promotion of hydroxyl （—OH） generation. These findings provide theoretical and technical support for the development of efficient catalysts and the advanced treatment of coking wastewater.

Key words: Coking wastewater, Catalytic ozone oxidation, Catalyst characterization

CLC Number:

O661.1

Wen-Jia LIU, Meng-Xin YANG, Ya-Jing WANG, Yan-Fang LIU, Miao-Yu ZHANG, Yi-Heng XIONG. Comparison of the Efficacy of Silica-Alumina-Based Metal-Loaded Catalytic Ozone Oxidation of Organic Matter in Coking Wastewater[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2025, 42(3): 330-344.

Figures/Tables 18

References 27

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Catalysts	Elemental	w（metal）%
Fe@SA	Fe	13
Cu@SA	Cu	10
Ti@SA	Ti	3

Catalysts	Elemental	w（metal）%
Fe@SA	Fe	13
Cu@SA	Cu	10
Ti@SA	Ti	3

	Compound name	Time/min	CAS	w/%
1	Toluene	0.243	108-95-2	0.07
2	1，3-Benzenediol， o-（2，6-difluorobenzoyl）-o'-（4-ethylbenzoyl）-	0.448	1000330-83-4	0.75
3	Benzo［h］quinoline， 2，4-dimethyl-	0.924	605-67-4	2.24
4	2-p-Nitrophenyl-oxadiazol-1，3，4-one-5	1.507	1000147-64-6	0.08
5	Benz［j］isoquinoline， 3，6，8-trimethyl-	2.927	61171-16-2	0.87
6	2，6-Dimethyl-3，4-bis（trimethylsilyloxymethyl）pyridine	3.228	1000079-52-1	0.03
7	Indolizine， 6-ethyl-2-phenyl-	3.296	79373-01-6	0.02
8	Benzene， 1，3-dimethyl-	4.677	108-38-3	0.02
9	4-Ethylbenzoic acid， hexyl ester	5.474	1000292-34-4	0.03
10	Oxime-， methoxy-phenyl-	5.532	1000222-86-6	0.03
11	Benzoic acid， 2-amino-4-methyl-	5.6	2305-36-4	0.03
12	Isoquinoline， 3，4-dihydro-6，7-dimethoxy-1-methyl-	5.688	4721-98-6	0.14
13	4-Isopropylphenol， trimethylsilyl ether	5.785	1000373-17-4	0.15
14	Benzene， 1，2，4-trimethyl-	6.115	95-63-6	0.07
15	Benzene， 1-ethyl-2-methyl-	6.164	611-14-3	0.08
16	1，2-Benzenediol， 3，5-bis（1，1-dimethylethyl）-	6.261	1020-31-1	1.34
17	Phenol， 4-［2-（5-nitro-2-benzoxazolyl）ethenyl］-	6.621	319490-19-2	36.66
18	Cyclotetrasiloxane， octamethyl-	7.097	556-67-2	0.27
19	6，7-Benzo-phenothiazine-5，5-dioxide	7.301	1225-11-2	0.10
20	4-Ethylbenzoic acid， heptyl ester	7.476	1000292-34-3	0.04
21	4-Ethylbenzoic acid， heptyl ester	7.593	4303-95-1	0.04
22	3-（3-Carboxy-4-hydroxyphenyl）-D-alanine	7.797	1000292-20-2	0.06
23	1，2-Ethanediol	8.138	107-21-1	9.55
24	Phenanthro［9，10-d］oxazole， 2-phenyl-	8.478	4410-14-4	0.06
25	4-Ethylbenzoic acid， 2-methylpropyl ester	8.711	1000293-49-4	0.04
26	o-Cymene	8.818	527-84-4	0.04
27	Benzene， 1-ethyl-2，3-dimethyl-	8.886	933-98-2	0.05
28	Benzene， 2-ethyl-1，4-dimethyl-	8.915	1758-88-9	0.05
29	Quinazolin-4（3H）-one， 2-（4-nitrophenyl）-	9.1	4765-59-7	0.44
30	1，3-Cyclopentadiene， 1，2，3，4-tetramethyl-5-methylene-	9.343	76089-59-3	0.22
31	Benzene， 1，2，4，5-tetramethyl-	9.421	95-93-2	0.21
32	Benzene， 4-ethyl-1，2-dimethyl-	9.606	934-80-5	0.25
33	Phenol， 2，6-dimethyl-4-nitroso-	9.732	13331-93-6	31.29
34	4-（Benzoylmethyl）-2H-1，4-benzoxazin-3-one	9.878	105492-43-1	0.48
35	Phenethylamine， N-methyl-.beta.，3，4-tris（trimethylsiloxy）-	9.946	10538-85-9	0.96
36	Cyclopentasiloxane， decamethyl-	10.15	541-02-6	0.21
37	Pentasiloxane， dodecamethyl-	10.247	141-63-9	0.19
38	1，2，4-Oxadiazole， 5-（3-nitrophenyl）-3-phenyl-	10.325	28825-11-8	0.09
39	Isoquinoline， 6，7-dimethoxy-1-methyl-4-（3，4-dimethylphenyl）-	10.607	102012-79-3	0.10
40	Benzene， 2，4-diethyl-1-methyl-	10.733	1758-85-6	0.09
41	4，7-Ethanoindene-5，6-dicarboxylic acid， 1-（2-methoxyethoxy）methoxy-7a-methyl-9-oxo-octahydro-	10.811	98921-89-2	0.40
42	Phenol， 4-bromo-2-［（1H-indazol-7-ylamino）methyl］-	11.171	1000350-54-6	2.07
43	Silane， ethylmethyl［［5-methyl-2-（1-methylethyl）cyclohexyl］oxy］-2-propenyl-，（1.alpha.，2.beta.，5.alpha.）-	11.229	74841-60-4	0.11
44	Fluoren-9-ol， 3，6-dimethoxy-9-（2-phenylethynyl）-	11.326	1000217-31-2	0.16
45	Phosphine oxide， bis（pentamethylphenyl）-	11.521	122085-61-4	0.17
46	Diacetylmorphine	11.735	561-27-3	0.12
47	7-Methoxy-2，3-diphenyl-4H-chromen-4-one	11.822	18720-69-9	0.07
48	Cyclohexasiloxane， dodecamethyl-	12.017	540-97-6	0.08
49	Silane， diethyl（trans-4-methylcyclohexyloxy）undecyloxy-	12.162	1000363-56-8	0.13
50	Eicosane， 3-methyl-	12.299	6418-46-8	0.06
51	Quinoline， 4-methyl-	12.357	491-35-0	5.39
52	Isoquinoline， 1-methyl-	12.444	1721-93-3	0.19
53	P-Menthane， 3-（2-methylpropen-1-yl）-	12.833	1000159-91-7	0.05
54	7-Quinazolinol	12.911	7556-97-0	0.04
55	Dimethylmalonic acid， 4-chlorophenyl octadecyl ester	13.047	1000361-98-6	0.04
56	Benzohydrazide， N2-（4-nitrobenzylideno）-4-propoxy-	13.29	332374-41-1	0.06
57	3，7-Bis［（trimethylsilyl）oxy］-9-methoxy-1-methyl（6H）dibenzo［b，d］pyran-6-one	13.387	1000103-29-8	0.10
58	3-（p-Ethoxyphenyl）-5-（O-tolyloxymethyl）-2-oxazolidone	13.456	5256-08-6	0.11
59	4-Quinolinol， 2-phenyl-	13.543	1144-20-3	0.24
60	Di-epi-.alpha.-cedrene	13.737	50894-66-1	0.04
61	5.alpha.-Cholestan-2-one， oxime	13.961	14614-13-2	0.04
62	4-Phenyl-3-butyn-2-ol	14.311	1000118-15-0	0.03
63	3'，5'-Dimethoxyacetophenone	14.486	39151-19-4	0.15
64	3-Isopropoxy-1，1，1，7，7，7-hexamethyl-3，5，5-tris（trimethylsiloxy）tetrasiloxane	14.632	71579-69-6	0.57
65	Phenol， 4，6-di（1，1-dimethylethyl）-2-methyl-	14.972	616-55-7	0.06
66	Phenol， 2，4-bis（1，1-dimethylethyl）-	15.108	96-76-4	0.05
67	Phenol， 3，5-bis（1，1-dimethylethyl）-	15.215	1138-52-9	0.04
68	Hexa-t-butylthiatrisiletane	15.361	93194-14-0	0.05
69	Estra-1，3，5（10）-trien-17-one， 2-methoxy-3-［（trimethylsilyl）oxy］-， O-methyloxime	15.487	69833-51-8	0.03
70	Bis（heptamethylcyclotetrasiloxy）hexamethyltrisiloxane	15.575	71449-67-7	0.03
71	Propanoic acid， 2-methyl-， 1-（1，1-dimethylethyl）-2-methyl-1，3-propanediyl ester	15.944	74381-40-1	1.21
72	Epicedrol	16.207	1000156-22-8	0.05
73	Silane，［［4-［1，2-bis［（trimethylsilyl）oxy］ethyl］-1，2-phenylene］bis（oxy）］bis［trimethyl-	16.635	56114-62-6	0.21
74	1，1，1，5，7，7，7-Heptamethyl-3，3-bis（trimethylsiloxy）tetrasiloxane	18.365	38147-00-1	0.09
75	3-Trimethylsilyloxystearic acid， trimethylsilyl ester	20.018	1000079-42-6	0.03
76	Cyclononasiloxane， octadecamethyl-	26.065	556-71-8	0.01
77	Norcodeine di-TMS derivative	27.475	1000137-11-3	0.01
78	Propanoic acid， 3-［bis［（trimethylsilyl）oxy］phosphinyl］-， trimethylsilyl ester	28.69	53044-28-3	0.01
79	Hexasiloxane， tetradecamethyl-	29.779	107-52-8	0.03
80	3，6-Dioxa-2，4，5，7-tetrasilaoctane， 2，2，4，4，5，5，7，7-octamethyl-	30.751	4342-25-0	0.03
81	Heptasiloxane， hexadecamethyl-	31.149	541-01-5	0.02
82	Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzo［h］quinoline-3-carboxylate	31.227	339235-30-2	0.02
83	Thieno［2，3-b］pyridine-5-carboxylic acid， 2-chloro-7-cyclopropyl-4（7H）-oxo-， methyl ester	31.276	189002-90-2	0.02
84	Oxazole， 4，5-diphenyl-	31.636	4675-18-7	0.03
85	Benzeneacetic acid， .alpha.，3，4-tris［（trimethylsilyl）oxy］-， trimethylsilyl ester	31.704	37148-65-5	0.04
86	N-Acetyl-.alpha.-methyl-4-（4-methoxycarbonyl-1，3-butadienyl）-2-thiazolemethanamine	32.258	1000302-00-4	0.02
87	2-Amino-2-oxo-acetic acid， N-［3，4-dimethylphenyl］-， ethyl ester	32.792	24451-17-0	0.03
88	2-（（E）-（［3-（2-Dimethylanilino）-1-benzofuran-2-yl］imino）methyl）phenol	33.415	73428-83-8	0.02
89	1H-Indole-2-carboxylic acid， 6-（4-ethoxyphenyl）-3-methyl-4-oxo-4，5，6，7-Tetrahydro-， isopropyl ester	34.144	1000316-17-5	0.02

	Compound name	Time/min	CAS	w/%
1	Toluene	0.243	108-95-2	0.07
2	1，3-Benzenediol， o-（2，6-difluorobenzoyl）-o'-（4-ethylbenzoyl）-	0.448	1000330-83-4	0.75
3	Benzo［h］quinoline， 2，4-dimethyl-	0.924	605-67-4	2.24
4	2-p-Nitrophenyl-oxadiazol-1，3，4-one-5	1.507	1000147-64-6	0.08
5	Benz［j］isoquinoline， 3，6，8-trimethyl-	2.927	61171-16-2	0.87
6	2，6-Dimethyl-3，4-bis（trimethylsilyloxymethyl）pyridine	3.228	1000079-52-1	0.03
7	Indolizine， 6-ethyl-2-phenyl-	3.296	79373-01-6	0.02
8	Benzene， 1，3-dimethyl-	4.677	108-38-3	0.02
9	4-Ethylbenzoic acid， hexyl ester	5.474	1000292-34-4	0.03
10	Oxime-， methoxy-phenyl-	5.532	1000222-86-6	0.03
11	Benzoic acid， 2-amino-4-methyl-	5.6	2305-36-4	0.03
12	Isoquinoline， 3，4-dihydro-6，7-dimethoxy-1-methyl-	5.688	4721-98-6	0.14
13	4-Isopropylphenol， trimethylsilyl ether	5.785	1000373-17-4	0.15
14	Benzene， 1，2，4-trimethyl-	6.115	95-63-6	0.07
15	Benzene， 1-ethyl-2-methyl-	6.164	611-14-3	0.08
16	1，2-Benzenediol， 3，5-bis（1，1-dimethylethyl）-	6.261	1020-31-1	1.34
17	Phenol， 4-［2-（5-nitro-2-benzoxazolyl）ethenyl］-	6.621	319490-19-2	36.66
18	Cyclotetrasiloxane， octamethyl-	7.097	556-67-2	0.27
19	6，7-Benzo-phenothiazine-5，5-dioxide	7.301	1225-11-2	0.10
20	4-Ethylbenzoic acid， heptyl ester	7.476	1000292-34-3	0.04
21	4-Ethylbenzoic acid， heptyl ester	7.593	4303-95-1	0.04
22	3-（3-Carboxy-4-hydroxyphenyl）-D-alanine	7.797	1000292-20-2	0.06
23	1，2-Ethanediol	8.138	107-21-1	9.55
24	Phenanthro［9，10-d］oxazole， 2-phenyl-	8.478	4410-14-4	0.06
25	4-Ethylbenzoic acid， 2-methylpropyl ester	8.711	1000293-49-4	0.04
26	o-Cymene	8.818	527-84-4	0.04
27	Benzene， 1-ethyl-2，3-dimethyl-	8.886	933-98-2	0.05
28	Benzene， 2-ethyl-1，4-dimethyl-	8.915	1758-88-9	0.05
29	Quinazolin-4（3H）-one， 2-（4-nitrophenyl）-	9.1	4765-59-7	0.44
30	1，3-Cyclopentadiene， 1，2，3，4-tetramethyl-5-methylene-	9.343	76089-59-3	0.22
31	Benzene， 1，2，4，5-tetramethyl-	9.421	95-93-2	0.21
32	Benzene， 4-ethyl-1，2-dimethyl-	9.606	934-80-5	0.25
33	Phenol， 2，6-dimethyl-4-nitroso-	9.732	13331-93-6	31.29
34	4-（Benzoylmethyl）-2H-1，4-benzoxazin-3-one	9.878	105492-43-1	0.48
35	Phenethylamine， N-methyl-.beta.，3，4-tris（trimethylsiloxy）-	9.946	10538-85-9	0.96
36	Cyclopentasiloxane， decamethyl-	10.15	541-02-6	0.21
37	Pentasiloxane， dodecamethyl-	10.247	141-63-9	0.19
38	1，2，4-Oxadiazole， 5-（3-nitrophenyl）-3-phenyl-	10.325	28825-11-8	0.09
39	Isoquinoline， 6，7-dimethoxy-1-methyl-4-（3，4-dimethylphenyl）-	10.607	102012-79-3	0.10
40	Benzene， 2，4-diethyl-1-methyl-	10.733	1758-85-6	0.09
41	4，7-Ethanoindene-5，6-dicarboxylic acid， 1-（2-methoxyethoxy）methoxy-7a-methyl-9-oxo-octahydro-	10.811	98921-89-2	0.40
42	Phenol， 4-bromo-2-［（1H-indazol-7-ylamino）methyl］-	11.171	1000350-54-6	2.07
43	Silane， ethylmethyl［［5-methyl-2-（1-methylethyl）cyclohexyl］oxy］-2-propenyl-，（1.alpha.，2.beta.，5.alpha.）-	11.229	74841-60-4	0.11
44	Fluoren-9-ol， 3，6-dimethoxy-9-（2-phenylethynyl）-	11.326	1000217-31-2	0.16
45	Phosphine oxide， bis（pentamethylphenyl）-	11.521	122085-61-4	0.17
46	Diacetylmorphine	11.735	561-27-3	0.12
47	7-Methoxy-2，3-diphenyl-4H-chromen-4-one	11.822	18720-69-9	0.07
48	Cyclohexasiloxane， dodecamethyl-	12.017	540-97-6	0.08
49	Silane， diethyl（trans-4-methylcyclohexyloxy）undecyloxy-	12.162	1000363-56-8	0.13
50	Eicosane， 3-methyl-	12.299	6418-46-8	0.06
51	Quinoline， 4-methyl-	12.357	491-35-0	5.39
52	Isoquinoline， 1-methyl-	12.444	1721-93-3	0.19
53	P-Menthane， 3-（2-methylpropen-1-yl）-	12.833	1000159-91-7	0.05
54	7-Quinazolinol	12.911	7556-97-0	0.04
55	Dimethylmalonic acid， 4-chlorophenyl octadecyl ester	13.047	1000361-98-6	0.04
56	Benzohydrazide， N2-（4-nitrobenzylideno）-4-propoxy-	13.29	332374-41-1	0.06
57	3，7-Bis［（trimethylsilyl）oxy］-9-methoxy-1-methyl（6H）dibenzo［b，d］pyran-6-one	13.387	1000103-29-8	0.10
58	3-（p-Ethoxyphenyl）-5-（O-tolyloxymethyl）-2-oxazolidone	13.456	5256-08-6	0.11
59	4-Quinolinol， 2-phenyl-	13.543	1144-20-3	0.24
60	Di-epi-.alpha.-cedrene	13.737	50894-66-1	0.04
61	5.alpha.-Cholestan-2-one， oxime	13.961	14614-13-2	0.04
62	4-Phenyl-3-butyn-2-ol	14.311	1000118-15-0	0.03
63	3'，5'-Dimethoxyacetophenone	14.486	39151-19-4	0.15
64	3-Isopropoxy-1，1，1，7，7，7-hexamethyl-3，5，5-tris（trimethylsiloxy）tetrasiloxane	14.632	71579-69-6	0.57
65	Phenol， 4，6-di（1，1-dimethylethyl）-2-methyl-	14.972	616-55-7	0.06
66	Phenol， 2，4-bis（1，1-dimethylethyl）-	15.108	96-76-4	0.05
67	Phenol， 3，5-bis（1，1-dimethylethyl）-	15.215	1138-52-9	0.04
68	Hexa-t-butylthiatrisiletane	15.361	93194-14-0	0.05
69	Estra-1，3，5（10）-trien-17-one， 2-methoxy-3-［（trimethylsilyl）oxy］-， O-methyloxime	15.487	69833-51-8	0.03
70	Bis（heptamethylcyclotetrasiloxy）hexamethyltrisiloxane	15.575	71449-67-7	0.03
71	Propanoic acid， 2-methyl-， 1-（1，1-dimethylethyl）-2-methyl-1，3-propanediyl ester	15.944	74381-40-1	1.21
72	Epicedrol	16.207	1000156-22-8	0.05
73	Silane，［［4-［1，2-bis［（trimethylsilyl）oxy］ethyl］-1，2-phenylene］bis（oxy）］bis［trimethyl-	16.635	56114-62-6	0.21
74	1，1，1，5，7，7，7-Heptamethyl-3，3-bis（trimethylsiloxy）tetrasiloxane	18.365	38147-00-1	0.09
75	3-Trimethylsilyloxystearic acid， trimethylsilyl ester	20.018	1000079-42-6	0.03
76	Cyclononasiloxane， octadecamethyl-	26.065	556-71-8	0.01
77	Norcodeine di-TMS derivative	27.475	1000137-11-3	0.01
78	Propanoic acid， 3-［bis［（trimethylsilyl）oxy］phosphinyl］-， trimethylsilyl ester	28.69	53044-28-3	0.01
79	Hexasiloxane， tetradecamethyl-	29.779	107-52-8	0.03
80	3，6-Dioxa-2，4，5，7-tetrasilaoctane， 2，2，4，4，5，5，7，7-octamethyl-	30.751	4342-25-0	0.03
81	Heptasiloxane， hexadecamethyl-	31.149	541-01-5	0.02
82	Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzo［h］quinoline-3-carboxylate	31.227	339235-30-2	0.02
83	Thieno［2，3-b］pyridine-5-carboxylic acid， 2-chloro-7-cyclopropyl-4（7H）-oxo-， methyl ester	31.276	189002-90-2	0.02
84	Oxazole， 4，5-diphenyl-	31.636	4675-18-7	0.03
85	Benzeneacetic acid， .alpha.，3，4-tris［（trimethylsilyl）oxy］-， trimethylsilyl ester	31.704	37148-65-5	0.04
86	N-Acetyl-.alpha.-methyl-4-（4-methoxycarbonyl-1，3-butadienyl）-2-thiazolemethanamine	32.258	1000302-00-4	0.02
87	2-Amino-2-oxo-acetic acid， N-［3，4-dimethylphenyl］-， ethyl ester	32.792	24451-17-0	0.03
88	2-（（E）-（［3-（2-Dimethylanilino）-1-benzofuran-2-yl］imino）methyl）phenol	33.415	73428-83-8	0.02
89	1H-Indole-2-carboxylic acid， 6-（4-ethoxyphenyl）-3-methyl-4-oxo-4，5，6，7-Tetrahydro-， isopropyl ester	34.144	1000316-17-5	0.02

Fe@SA	w（element）/%			Proportions
Fe@SA	Si	Al	Fe	SA/Fe	Si/Al
Before reaction	3.63	95.52	0.352	281.6	0.038
After catalytic ozonization of ethylene glycol wastewater	4.17	63.93	0.30	227.6	0.065
After catalytic ozonization of phenol wastewater	4.65	65.52	0.082	827.25	0.071

Comparison of the Efficacy of Silica-Alumina-Based Metal-Loaded Catalytic Ozone Oxidation of Organic Matter in Coking Wastewater

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