Synthesis and Applications of Graphene Quantum Dots Derived from Citric Acid

doi:10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.210211

Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry ›› 2022, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (6): 888-899.DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.210211

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Synthesis and Applications of Graphene Quantum Dots Derived from Citric Acid

Qiao-Zhi GUO, Zhen-Hua YANG(), Yue-Xia ZHANG, Ya-Ting MENG, Yu-Juan CAO, Xuan-Sen SUN, Qi-Qi ZHANG, Shao-Min SHUANG, Chuan DONG

Institute of Environmental Science，Shanxi University，Taiyuan 030006，China

Received:2021-04-29 Accepted:2021-08-28 Published:2022-06-01 Online:2022-06-27
Contact: Zhen-Hua YANG
About author:yzh429@sxu.edu.cn
Supported by:
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91843301);Shanxi Scholarship Council of China(2020?002)

Abstract

Abstract:

Graphene quantum dots （GODs） are a kind of novel carbon-based zero-dimensional materials， which can be regarded as extremely small graphene fragments. GQDs possess unique 2D structure， quantum confinement effect and edge effect， which is similar to graphene materials. GQDs have many advantages， such as unique photoluminescence property， low toxicity， high fluorescent stability and high biocompatibility， which result in extensive applications of GQDs， including detection， sensing， catalysis， cellular-imaging， drug delivery and pollution control. The synthesis methods of GQDs could be divided into top-down and bottom-up. The mechanism of the top-down method is cutting large-size materials like graphene， graphite and carbon materials into smaller sizes to obtain GQDs， while the mechanism of the bottom-up method is synthesizing GQDs using different precursors through the hydrothermal method or pyrolysis. Citric acid （CA） is a kind of the most popular precursors used in synthesis of GQDs through the bottom-up method. In the recent years， lots of research related to synthesis of GQDs by using CA as precursors are published. In this study， many CA-based synthesis methods of heterogeneous GQDs and their applications are introduced.

Key words: Graphene quantum dots, Citric acid, N-Doping, S-Doping, Nitrogen-doped, Sulfur-doped

CLC Number:

O652

Qiao-Zhi GUO, Zhen-Hua YANG, Yue-Xia ZHANG, Ya-Ting MENG, Yu-Juan CAO, Xuan-Sen SUN, Qi-Qi ZHANG, Shao-Min SHUANG, Chuan DONG. Synthesis and Applications of Graphene Quantum Dots Derived from Citric Acid[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2022, 39(6): 888-899.

Figures/Tables 10

References 73

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前驱体 Precursor	检出限 Limit of detection， LOD	线性范围 Linear range	检测物质 Analytes
柠檬酸（Citric Acid， CA）^［17］	9.87 nmol/L	0~20 μmol/L	Hg²⁺
CA、氨水（Ammonia）^［36-37］	0.34 nmol/L	0.34~1300 nmol/L	博莱霉素（Bleomycin， BLM）
	0.15 U/mL	0.43~3.85 U/mL	酪氨酸酶（Tyrosinase， TYR）
	0.014 mU/mL	0.04~0.07 mU/mL	酸性磷酸酶（Acid Phosphatase， ACP）
CA、甘氨酸（Glycine， Gly）^［46］	8.3 nmol/L	0~3 μmol/L	Hg²⁺
CA、谷氨酸（Glutamic Acid， Glu）^［47-48］	91 nmol/L	0.1~100 μmol/L	Cr⁵⁺
CA、谷氨酸（Glutamic Acid， Glu）^［47-48］	0.37 fmol/L	1.0~1×10⁵ fmol/L	啶虫脒（Acetamiprid）
CA、尿素（Urea）^{［35，40-41］}	0.05 μmol/L	0.05~0.25 μmol/L	Hg²⁺
	0.5 mmol/L	0.5~40 mmol/L	H₂O₂
	9.28×10^-7 mol/L	1.49×10^-6~ 2.02×10^-5 mol/L	赖氨酸（Lysine）
CA、尿素（Urea）、硼酸（Boric Acid）^［42］	4.3 nmol/L	0~4 μmol/L	Hg²⁺
CA、硝酸（Nitric Acid）、硝酸钾（Potassium Nitrate）^［53］	13.19 μmol/L	100~500 μmol/L	Cu²⁺
CA、硝酸（Nitric Acid）、硝酸钾（Potassium Nitrate）^［53］	0.42 μmol/L	20~100 μmol/L	Hg²⁺
CA、缬氨酸（Valine， Val）^［49］	0.4 nmol/L	0.8~1000 nmol/L	Hg²⁺
CA、半胱氨酸（Cysteine， Cys）^{［65，67］}	3.3 nmol/L	0.01~3 μmol/L	Fe³⁺
CA、半胱氨酸（Cysteine， Cys）^{［65，67］}	0.52 μmol/L	10~400 μmol/L	CN^-
CA、二乙胺基二硫代甲酸钠（Sodium Diethyldithiocarbamatre）^［68］	0.8 μg/L	1~10 μg/L	Pb²⁺
CA、青霉胺（Penicillamine）^［69］	0.69 nmol/L	0.9~30 nmol/L	Hg²⁺
CA、亚硫酸制纸浆的残留物（Sulfite?pulping Procedure Residue）^［71］	4.7 μmol/L	0.005~500 μmol/L	Ag⁺
CA、植酸钠（Phytic Acid Dodecasodium from Rice）、硫酸钠（Sodium Sulphate）^［70］	0.3 μmol/L	0.7~9 μmol/L	NO₂^-
CA、硫脲（Thiourea）^［58-60］	5.5 μmol/L	5.5~66 mmol/L	葡萄糖（Glucose）
	1.2 μmol/L	10~500 μmol/L	抗坏血酸（Ascorbic Acid）
	0.3 pg/ml	0.001~50 ng/mL	心肌肌钙蛋白I （Cardiac Troponin I）
CA、聚吡咯（Polypyrrole）^［56］	0.022 μg/L	0.067~233 μg/L	对乙酰氨基酚（Paracetamol）
CA、聚吡咯（Polypyrrole）^［56］	1.05 μg/L	3.33~997.5 μg/L	抗坏血酸（Ascorbic Acid）
CA、三聚氰胺（Melamine）^［54］	20 nmol/L	0.1~120 μmol/L	美他环素（Methacycline）
CA、谷胱甘肽（Glutathione， GSH）^［62-64］	0.00037 U/mL	0.001~2 U/mL	乙酰胆碱酯酶（Acetyl Cholinesterase）
	0.81 μmol/L	1~1000 μmol/L	焦磷酸根（Pyrophosphate）
	4.2 μmol/L	14~170 μmol/L	卡普利托（Caporetto）

前驱体 Precursor	检出限 Limit of detection， LOD	线性范围 Linear range	检测物质 Analytes
柠檬酸（Citric Acid， CA）^［17］	9.87 nmol/L	0~20 μmol/L	Hg²⁺
CA、氨水（Ammonia）^［36-37］	0.34 nmol/L	0.34~1300 nmol/L	博莱霉素（Bleomycin， BLM）
	0.15 U/mL	0.43~3.85 U/mL	酪氨酸酶（Tyrosinase， TYR）
	0.014 mU/mL	0.04~0.07 mU/mL	酸性磷酸酶（Acid Phosphatase， ACP）
CA、甘氨酸（Glycine， Gly）^［46］	8.3 nmol/L	0~3 μmol/L	Hg²⁺
CA、谷氨酸（Glutamic Acid， Glu）^［47-48］	91 nmol/L	0.1~100 μmol/L	Cr⁵⁺
CA、谷氨酸（Glutamic Acid， Glu）^［47-48］	0.37 fmol/L	1.0~1×10⁵ fmol/L	啶虫脒（Acetamiprid）
CA、尿素（Urea）^{［35，40-41］}	0.05 μmol/L	0.05~0.25 μmol/L	Hg²⁺
	0.5 mmol/L	0.5~40 mmol/L	H₂O₂
	9.28×10^-7 mol/L	1.49×10^-6~ 2.02×10^-5 mol/L	赖氨酸（Lysine）
CA、尿素（Urea）、硼酸（Boric Acid）^［42］	4.3 nmol/L	0~4 μmol/L	Hg²⁺
CA、硝酸（Nitric Acid）、硝酸钾（Potassium Nitrate）^［53］	13.19 μmol/L	100~500 μmol/L	Cu²⁺
CA、硝酸（Nitric Acid）、硝酸钾（Potassium Nitrate）^［53］	0.42 μmol/L	20~100 μmol/L	Hg²⁺
CA、缬氨酸（Valine， Val）^［49］	0.4 nmol/L	0.8~1000 nmol/L	Hg²⁺
CA、半胱氨酸（Cysteine， Cys）^{［65，67］}	3.3 nmol/L	0.01~3 μmol/L	Fe³⁺
CA、半胱氨酸（Cysteine， Cys）^{［65，67］}	0.52 μmol/L	10~400 μmol/L	CN^-
CA、二乙胺基二硫代甲酸钠（Sodium Diethyldithiocarbamatre）^［68］	0.8 μg/L	1~10 μg/L	Pb²⁺
CA、青霉胺（Penicillamine）^［69］	0.69 nmol/L	0.9~30 nmol/L	Hg²⁺
CA、亚硫酸制纸浆的残留物（Sulfite?pulping Procedure Residue）^［71］	4.7 μmol/L	0.005~500 μmol/L	Ag⁺
CA、植酸钠（Phytic Acid Dodecasodium from Rice）、硫酸钠（Sodium Sulphate）^［70］	0.3 μmol/L	0.7~9 μmol/L	NO₂^-
CA、硫脲（Thiourea）^［58-60］	5.5 μmol/L	5.5~66 mmol/L	葡萄糖（Glucose）
	1.2 μmol/L	10~500 μmol/L	抗坏血酸（Ascorbic Acid）
	0.3 pg/ml	0.001~50 ng/mL	心肌肌钙蛋白I （Cardiac Troponin I）
CA、聚吡咯（Polypyrrole）^［56］	0.022 μg/L	0.067~233 μg/L	对乙酰氨基酚（Paracetamol）
CA、聚吡咯（Polypyrrole）^［56］	1.05 μg/L	3.33~997.5 μg/L	抗坏血酸（Ascorbic Acid）
CA、三聚氰胺（Melamine）^［54］	20 nmol/L	0.1~120 μmol/L	美他环素（Methacycline）
CA、谷胱甘肽（Glutathione， GSH）^［62-64］	0.00037 U/mL	0.001~2 U/mL	乙酰胆碱酯酶（Acetyl Cholinesterase）
	0.81 μmol/L	1~1000 μmol/L	焦磷酸根（Pyrophosphate）
	4.2 μmol/L	14~170 μmol/L	卡普利托（Caporetto）

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Synthesis and Applications of Graphene Quantum Dots Derived from Citric Acid

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