火炬树叶衍生多孔碳材料的制备及其电化学性能

doi:10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.240330

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以火炬树叶为原料，K₂CO₃为活化剂，以“碳化-活化”两步法制备了不同质量比的多孔碳材料TLPC-x（x=0，1，2，3，4，x为活化剂与碳源的质量比），通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、拉曼光谱（Raman）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）和比表面积分析（BET）等对材料的形貌、结构进行表征，采用循环伏安法（CV）、循环充放电测试（GCD）等电化学测试手段测试材料的电化学性能。结果表明： K₂CO₃有较好的造孔作用，其中TLPC-3孔道结构最为丰富，比表面积高达2193.9 m²/g；三电极体系下，TLPC-3在0.5 A/g下比电容达287.8 F/g，是TLPC-0的3.2倍。在两电极体系中，功率密度125 W/kg时能量密度达8.05 Wh/kg，且在10 A/g条件下历经10000次循环充放电测试后，电容仍有98.7%的保持率。

关键词: 火炬树叶, 多孔碳, K₂CO₃活化, 超级电容器

Abstract:

Porous carbon materials with different mass ratios were successfully prepared from Rhus typhina leaves as carbon source and K₂CO₃ as activating agent via a two-step“carbonization-activation” method， and denoted as TLPC-x （x=0， 1， 2， 3， 4， where x represents the mass ratio of activator to carbon source）. The morphology and structure of the as-prepared materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）， transmission electron microscopy （TEM）， X-ray diffraction （XRD）， Raman spectroscopy， X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）， and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller （BET） surface area analysis. Electrochemical performances were evaluated through cyclic voltammetry （CV）， galvanostatic charge-discharge （GCD） tests， and other electrochemical measurements. The results suggest that K₂CO₃ exhibits an excellent pore-forming property. TLPC-3 displays the most well-developed pore structure with a high specific surface area of up to 2193.9 m²/g. In a three-electrode system， TLPC-3 delivers a specific capacitance of 287.8 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g， which is 3.2 times higher than that of TLPC-0. In a two-electrode system， the material delivers an energy density of 8.05 Wh/kg at a power density of 125 W/kg. Moreover， even after 10000 GCD cycles at a current density of 10 A/g， it retains 98.7% of its initial capacitance.

Key words: Rhus typhina leaves, Porous carbon, K₂CO₃ activation, Supercapacitors

中图分类号:

O646

郑立辉, 杜博澳. 火炬树叶衍生多孔碳材料的制备及其电化学性能[J]. 应用化学, 2025, 42(7): 945-954.

Li-Hui ZHENG, Bo-Ao DU. Preparation of Porous Carbon Materials Derived from Rhus typhina Leaves and Their Electrochemical Properties[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2025, 42(7): 945-954.

图/表 10

图1 火炬树叶衍生多孔碳材料电极的制备流程图

Fig.1 Preparation process of porous carbon electrode from Rhus typhina leaves

图2 （A） TLPC-0、（B） TLPC-1、（C） TLPC-2、（D） TLPC-3和（E） TLPC-4样品的SEM图

Fig.2 SEM image of （A） TLPC-0，（B） TLPC-1，（C） TLPC-2，（D） TLPC-3 and （E） TLPC-4 sample

图3 不同放大比例下TLPC-3的TEM图

Fig.3 TEM images of TLPC-3 at different magnification ratios

图4 TLPC-x的（A）等温吸附曲线和（B）孔径分布曲线

Fig.4 （A） Isothermal adsorption and （B） pore size distribution curves of TLPC-x

表1 TLPC-x的孔结构参数

Table 1 Pore structure parameters of TLPC-x

Sample	Specific surface area/（m²·g^-1）	Micropore area/（m²·g^-1）	Other pore areas/（m²·g^-1）	Total pore volume/（cm³·g^-1）
TLPC-1	1 534.6	792.2	742.4	1.04
TLPC-2	1 899.9	824.5	1 075.4	1.07
TLPC-3	2 193.9	938.6	1 255.3	1.13
TLPC-4	1 417.9	636.7	781.2	0.96

图5 TLPC-x的（A）XRD和（B）Rama谱图

Fig.5 （A） XRD and （B） Raman spectra of TLPC-x

图6 TLPC-3的XPS谱图A. Overall spectrum; B. High-resolution XPS of C1s; C. High-resolution XPS of O1s; D. High-resolution XPS of N1s

Fig.6 XPS spectra of TLPC-3

图7 TLPC-x的电化学性能A. Cyclic voltammetry curve (50 mV/s); B. Constant current charge discharge curve (0.5 A/g); C. Specific capacitance at 0.5~20 A/g; D. Cyclic voltammetry curves of TLPC-3 at different scan rates; E. Constant current charge discharge curve of TLPC-3 at 0.5~20 A/g; F. Total charge storage of TLPC-3 at 10 mV/s; G. Total charge storage of TLPC-3 at different scanning rates; H. EIS of TLPC-x; I. Bode plot

Fig.7 Electrochemical performance of TLPC-x

表2 TLPC-x的等效串联电阻（Rs）和电荷转移电阻值（Rct）

Table 2 Equivalent series resistance （Rs） and charge transfer resistance values （Rct） of TLPC-x

Sample	R_s/Ω	R_ct/Ω
TLPC-0	0.84	0.43
TLPC-1	0.93	0.96
TLPC-2	1.01	0.09
TLPC-3	0.96	0.07
TLPC-4	0.97	0.10

图8 TLPC-3对称超级电容器A. CV curves (5~200 mV/s); B. GCD curves (0.5~20 A/g); C. Ragone plot; D. Cycle stability curve

Fig.8 TLPC-3 symmetric supercapacitor

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