
应用化学 ›› 2024, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (5): 668-676.DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.230298
胡彪1,2, 王会1,2(), 张振迎2(
), 薛道荣3, 刘抢3
收稿日期:
2023-09-26
接受日期:
2024-03-13
出版日期:
2024-05-01
发布日期:
2024-06-03
通讯作者:
王会,张振迎
基金资助:
Biao HU1,2, Hui WANG1,2(), Zhen-Ying ZHANG2(
), Dao-Rong XUE3, Qiang LIU3
Received:
2023-09-26
Accepted:
2024-03-13
Published:
2024-05-01
Online:
2024-06-03
Contact:
Hui WANG,Zhen-Ying ZHANG
About author:
zhangzhenying@ncst.edu.cnSupported by:
摘要:
通过热重-差热分析仪(TG/DTA)测试了NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O的升温脱水过程,并对其脱水过程进行热力学和动力学分析。 结果表明,NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O的脱水过程分为2步,第1次脱去9个水分子,形成NH4Al(SO4)2·3H2O; 第2次脱去剩余的3个水分子,形成NH4Al(SO4)2。 热力学分析NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O脱水过程中,脱落的液态水分子随即气化。 动力学分析NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O脱水过程,脱去9个水分子的反应活化能为93.53 kJ/mol,脱去3个水分子的反应活化能为118.7 kJ/mol。
中图分类号:
胡彪, 王会, 张振迎, 薛道荣, 刘抢. NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O脱水过程及其热力学与动力学性能[J]. 应用化学, 2024, 41(5): 668-676.
Biao HU, Hui WANG, Zhen-Ying ZHANG, Dao-Rong XUE, Qiang LIU. Dehydration Process of Ammonium Aluminum Sulfate Dodecahydrate and Its Thermodynamics and Kinetics Research[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2024, 41(5): 668-676.
Temperture/℃ | T/K | ΔG1/(J·mol-1) | aw | p | pw/kPa | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
50 | 323.15 | 14 262.65 | 4.94×10-3 | 0.55 | 12.34 | 6.84 |
55 | 328.15 | 12 623.05 | 9.77×10-3 | 0.60 | 15.74 | 9.41 |
60 | 333.15 | 10 983.45 | 1.89×10-2 | 0.64 | 19.92 | 12.82 |
65 | 338.15 | 9 343.85 | 3.60×10-2 | 0.69 | 25.01 | 17.28 |
70 | 343.15 | 7 704.25 | 6.70×10-2 | 0.74 | 31.16 | 23.08 |
75 | 348.15 | 6 064.65 | 0.12 | 0.79 | 38.55 | 30.54 |
80 | 353.15 | 4 425.05 | 0.22 | 0.85 | 47.38 | 40.07 |
85 | 358.15 | 2 785.45 | 0.39 | 0.90 | 57.88 | 52.16 |
90 | 363.15 | 1 145.85 | 0.68 | 0.96 | 70.14 | 67.23 |
95 | 368.15 | -493.75 | 1.17 | 1.02 | 84.56 | 86.07 |
100 | 373.15 | -2 133.35 | 1.99 | 1.08 | 101.33 | 109.35 |
105 | 378.15 | -3 772.95 | 3.31 | 1.14 | 120.85 | 138.06 |
110 | 383.15 | -5 412.55 | 5.46 | 1.21 | 143.31 | 173.05 |
115 | 388.15 | -7 052.15 | 8.88 | 1.27 | 169.11 | 215.54 |
120 | 393.15 | -8 691.75 | 14.26 | 1.34 | 198.64 | 266.86 |
表1 NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O失9个液态水过程热力学数据
Table 1 Thermodynamic data of nine liquid water loss processes for ammonium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate
Temperture/℃ | T/K | ΔG1/(J·mol-1) | aw | p | pw/kPa | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
50 | 323.15 | 14 262.65 | 4.94×10-3 | 0.55 | 12.34 | 6.84 |
55 | 328.15 | 12 623.05 | 9.77×10-3 | 0.60 | 15.74 | 9.41 |
60 | 333.15 | 10 983.45 | 1.89×10-2 | 0.64 | 19.92 | 12.82 |
65 | 338.15 | 9 343.85 | 3.60×10-2 | 0.69 | 25.01 | 17.28 |
70 | 343.15 | 7 704.25 | 6.70×10-2 | 0.74 | 31.16 | 23.08 |
75 | 348.15 | 6 064.65 | 0.12 | 0.79 | 38.55 | 30.54 |
80 | 353.15 | 4 425.05 | 0.22 | 0.85 | 47.38 | 40.07 |
85 | 358.15 | 2 785.45 | 0.39 | 0.90 | 57.88 | 52.16 |
90 | 363.15 | 1 145.85 | 0.68 | 0.96 | 70.14 | 67.23 |
95 | 368.15 | -493.75 | 1.17 | 1.02 | 84.56 | 86.07 |
100 | 373.15 | -2 133.35 | 1.99 | 1.08 | 101.33 | 109.35 |
105 | 378.15 | -3 772.95 | 3.31 | 1.14 | 120.85 | 138.06 |
110 | 383.15 | -5 412.55 | 5.46 | 1.21 | 143.31 | 173.05 |
115 | 388.15 | -7 052.15 | 8.88 | 1.27 | 169.11 | 215.54 |
120 | 393.15 | -8 691.75 | 14.26 | 1.34 | 198.64 | 266.86 |
Temperture/℃ | T/K | ΔG2/(J·mol-1) | aw | pw/kPa | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
50 | 323.15 | 50 353.66 | 7.23×10-9 | 0.12 | 12.62 |
55 | 328.15 | 45 003.91 | 6.84×10-8 | 0.16 | 16.20 |
60 | 333.15 | 39 654.16 | 6.04×10-7 | 0.20 | 20.64 |
65 | 338.15 | 34 304.41 | 5.01×10-6 | 0.26 | 26.11 |
70 | 343.15 | 28 954.66 | 3.90×10-5 | 0.32 | 32.80 |
75 | 348.15 | 23 604.91 | 2.87×10-4 | 0.40 | 40.93 |
80 | 353.15 | 18 255.16 | 1.99×10-3 | 0.50 | 50.77 |
85 | 358.15 | 12 905.41 | 1.31×10-2 | 0.62 | 62.58 |
90 | 363.15 | 7 555.66 | 8.17×10-2 | 0.76 | 76.71 |
95 | 368.15 | 2 205.91 | 0.49 | 0.92 | 93.50 |
100 | 373.15 | -3 143.84 | 2.75 | 1.12 | 113.37 |
105 | 378.15 | -8 493.59 | 14.87 | 1.35 | 136.76 |
110 | 383.15 | -13 843.34 | 76.95 | 1.62 | 164.17 |
115 | 388.15 | -19 193.09 | 381.82 | 1.94 | 196.15 |
120 | 393.15 | -24 542.84 | 1 818.92 | 2.30 | 233.30 |
表 2 NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O失9个气态水过程热力学数据
Table 2 Thermodynamic data of nine gaseous water processes for ammonium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate loss
Temperture/℃ | T/K | ΔG2/(J·mol-1) | aw | pw/kPa | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
50 | 323.15 | 50 353.66 | 7.23×10-9 | 0.12 | 12.62 |
55 | 328.15 | 45 003.91 | 6.84×10-8 | 0.16 | 16.20 |
60 | 333.15 | 39 654.16 | 6.04×10-7 | 0.20 | 20.64 |
65 | 338.15 | 34 304.41 | 5.01×10-6 | 0.26 | 26.11 |
70 | 343.15 | 28 954.66 | 3.90×10-5 | 0.32 | 32.80 |
75 | 348.15 | 23 604.91 | 2.87×10-4 | 0.40 | 40.93 |
80 | 353.15 | 18 255.16 | 1.99×10-3 | 0.50 | 50.77 |
85 | 358.15 | 12 905.41 | 1.31×10-2 | 0.62 | 62.58 |
90 | 363.15 | 7 555.66 | 8.17×10-2 | 0.76 | 76.71 |
95 | 368.15 | 2 205.91 | 0.49 | 0.92 | 93.50 |
100 | 373.15 | -3 143.84 | 2.75 | 1.12 | 113.37 |
105 | 378.15 | -8 493.59 | 14.87 | 1.35 | 136.76 |
110 | 383.15 | -13 843.34 | 76.95 | 1.62 | 164.17 |
115 | 388.15 | -19 193.09 | 381.82 | 1.94 | 196.15 |
120 | 393.15 | -24 542.84 | 1 818.92 | 2.30 | 233.30 |
Temperture/℃ | T/K | ΔG4/(J·mol-1) | aw | pw/MPa | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
120 | 393.15 | -58 894.12 | 6.66×107 | 405.36 | 4.11×101 |
125 | 398.15 | -61 810.82 | 1.28×108 | 504.24 | 5.11×101 |
130 | 403.15 | -64 727.52 | 2.43×108 | 623.86 | 6.32×101 |
135 | 408.15 | -67 644.22 | 4.53×108 | 767.83 | 7.78×101 |
140 | 413.15 | -70 560.92 | 8.31×108 | 940.30 | 9.53×101 |
145 | 418.15 | -73 477.62 | 1.50×109 | 1 145.94 | 1.16×102 |
150 | 423.15 | -76 394.32 | 2.69×109 | 1 390.04 | 1.41×102 |
160 | 433.15 | -82 227.72 | 8.22×109 | 2 018.14 | 2.04×102 |
170 | 443.15 | -88 061.12 | 2.39×1010 | 2 881.15 | 2.92×102 |
180 | 453.15 | -93 894.52 | 6.64×1010 | 4 049.08 | 4.10×102 |
190 | 463.15 | -99 727.92 | 1.76×1011 | 5 607.44 | 5.68×102 |
200 | 473.15 | -105 561.32 | 4.49×1011 | 7 659.43 | 7.76×102 |
210 | 483.15 | -111 394.72 | 1.10×1012 | 10 328.12 | 1.05×103 |
220 | 493.15 | -117 228.12 | 2.60×1012 | 13 758.83 | 1.39×103 |
230 | 503.15 | -123 061.52 | 5.95×1012 | 18 121.34 | 1.84×103 |
240 | 513.15 | -12 8894.92 | 1.32×1013 | 23 612.25 | 2.39×103 |
250 | 523.15 | -134 728.32 | 2.83×1013 | 30 457.20 | 3.09×103 |
表 3 NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O失3个气态水过程热力学数据
Table 3 Thermodynamic data of ammonium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate losing three gaseous water processes
Temperture/℃ | T/K | ΔG4/(J·mol-1) | aw | pw/MPa | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
120 | 393.15 | -58 894.12 | 6.66×107 | 405.36 | 4.11×101 |
125 | 398.15 | -61 810.82 | 1.28×108 | 504.24 | 5.11×101 |
130 | 403.15 | -64 727.52 | 2.43×108 | 623.86 | 6.32×101 |
135 | 408.15 | -67 644.22 | 4.53×108 | 767.83 | 7.78×101 |
140 | 413.15 | -70 560.92 | 8.31×108 | 940.30 | 9.53×101 |
145 | 418.15 | -73 477.62 | 1.50×109 | 1 145.94 | 1.16×102 |
150 | 423.15 | -76 394.32 | 2.69×109 | 1 390.04 | 1.41×102 |
160 | 433.15 | -82 227.72 | 8.22×109 | 2 018.14 | 2.04×102 |
170 | 443.15 | -88 061.12 | 2.39×1010 | 2 881.15 | 2.92×102 |
180 | 453.15 | -93 894.52 | 6.64×1010 | 4 049.08 | 4.10×102 |
190 | 463.15 | -99 727.92 | 1.76×1011 | 5 607.44 | 5.68×102 |
200 | 473.15 | -105 561.32 | 4.49×1011 | 7 659.43 | 7.76×102 |
210 | 483.15 | -111 394.72 | 1.10×1012 | 10 328.12 | 1.05×103 |
220 | 493.15 | -117 228.12 | 2.60×1012 | 13 758.83 | 1.39×103 |
230 | 503.15 | -123 061.52 | 5.95×1012 | 18 121.34 | 1.84×103 |
240 | 513.15 | -12 8894.92 | 1.32×1013 | 23 612.25 | 2.39×103 |
250 | 523.15 | -134 728.32 | 2.83×1013 | 30 457.20 | 3.09×103 |
图2 升温速率分别为1、2、5和10 K/min时NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O的DTA曲线
Fig.2 DTA curves of ammonium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate at different heating rates of 1, 2, 5 and 10 K/min
Heating rate β/(K·min-1) | Removing 9 crystal water | Removing the remaining 3 crystal water | |
---|---|---|---|
Tp/℃ | The first Tp/℃ | The second Tp/℃ | |
1 | 70.20 | / | / |
2 | 78.26 | / | 194.80 |
5 | 87.26 | / | 213.32 |
10 | 94.74 | 138.63 | 215.39 |
表 4 不同升温速率下NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O失水过程的峰值温度
Table 4 Peak temperature of ammonium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate losing 9 water at different heating rates
Heating rate β/(K·min-1) | Removing 9 crystal water | Removing the remaining 3 crystal water | |
---|---|---|---|
Tp/℃ | The first Tp/℃ | The second Tp/℃ | |
1 | 70.20 | / | / |
2 | 78.26 | / | 194.80 |
5 | 87.26 | / | 213.32 |
10 | 94.74 | 138.63 | 215.39 |
图3 Kissinger方程: (A)NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O失9水峰; (B)NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O失3水峰
Fig.3 Kissinger equation: (A) Ammonium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate loses nine water peak; (B) Ammonium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate loses three water peak
Dehydration process | R2 | Ek/(kJ·mol-1) | ln Ak/s-1 |
---|---|---|---|
Removing 9 crystal water | 0.997 8 | 93.53 | 30.37 |
Removing the remaining 3 crystal water | 0.864 1 | 118.70 | 28.44 |
表 5 NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O的活化能与指前因子
Table 5 The activation energy and pre-exponential factor of ammonium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate
Dehydration process | R2 | Ek/(kJ·mol-1) | ln Ak/s-1 |
---|---|---|---|
Removing 9 crystal water | 0.997 8 | 93.53 | 30.37 |
Removing the remaining 3 crystal water | 0.864 1 | 118.70 | 28.44 |
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