钙钛矿型太阳电池研究进展

doi:10.11944/j.issn.1000-0518.2016.05.150210

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

自从2009年钙钛矿材料被应用到太阳电池领域,到现在仅6年的时间里,钙钛矿型太阳电池的光伏转换效率从约3%提高到20.1%,受到全球瞩目。本文对近年来钙钛矿型太阳电池的发展进行了综述,介绍了钙钛矿吸光材料的性能及其制备,总结了钙钛矿型太阳电池器件结构及其内在机理,探讨了该类型电池待突破的方向和可能的解决途径,阐述了钙钛矿型太阳电池的进展历程,展望了未来发展方向。

关键词: 钙钛矿型太阳电池, 光电性能研究, 全固态太阳电池, 机理

Abstract:

Great attention has recently been gained because of the power conversion efficiency has rapidly increased from about 3% to 20.1% over the past six years since perovskite has been applied in solar cells in 2009. In this article, we propose to review the development in perovskite solar cells, introduce the property and preparation method of perovskite, summarize the structure and mechanism of perovskite solar cells, discuss how to break through and solve the problems in perovskite solar cells, state the impressive development, and present our outlook of the progress of perovskite solar cells.

Key words: perovskite solar cells, research of photoelectric properties, all solid-state solar cells, mechanism

刘娇,李仁志,董献堆. 钙钛矿型太阳电池研究进展[J]. 应用化学, 2016, 33(5): 489-503.

LIU Jiao,LI Renzhi,DONG Xiandui. Research Progress of Perovskite Solar Cells[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2016, 33(5): 489-503.

参考文献

[1]	Green M A,Emery K,Hishikawa Y,et al.Solar Cell Efficiency Tables (version 37)[J]. Prog Photovolt:Res Appl,2011,19(1):84-92.
[2]	Green M A. The Path to 25% Silicon Solar Cell Efficiency:History of Silicon Cell Evolution[J]. Prog Photovolt:Res Appl,2009,17(3):183-189.
[3]	Parida B,Iniyan S,Goic R. A Review of Solar Photovoltaic Technologies[J]. Renew Sustain Energy Rev,2011,15(3):1625-1636.
[4]	Hodes G,Cahen D. All-Solid-State, Semiconductor-sensitized Nanoporous Solar Cells[J]. Acc Chem Res,2012,45(5):705-713.
[5]	Seo J H,Gutacker A,Sun Y,et al.Improved High-efficiency Organic Solar Cells via Incorporation of a Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Interlayer[J]. J Am Chem Soc,2011,133(22):8416-8419.
[6]	O'Regan B, Gratzel M. A Low-cost, High-efficiency Solar Cell Based on Dye-sensitized Colloidal TiO2 Films[J]. Nature,1991,353(6346):737-740.
[7]	Mathew S,Yella A,Gao P. Dye-sensitized Solar Cells with 13% Efficiency Achieved Through the Molecular Engineering of Porphyrin Sensitizers[J]. Nat Chem,2014,6(3):242-247.
[8]	Yao Z,Zhang M,Li R,et al.A Metal-Free N-Annulated Thienocyclopentaperylene Dye:Power Conversion Efficiency of 12% for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells[J]. Angew Chem,2015,127(20):6092-6096.
[9]	Correspondents A C S C. Spotlights on Recent JACS Publications[J]. J Am Chem Soc,2015,137(12):3995-3995.
[10]	Snaith H J. Perovskites:The Emergence of a New Era for Low-Cost,High-Efficiency Solar Cells[J]. J Phys Chem Lett,2013,4(21):3623-3630.
[11]	Kojima A,Teshima K,Shirai Y,et al.Organometal Halide Perovskites as Visible-Light Sensitizers for Photovoltaic Cells[J]. J Am Chem Soc,2009,131(17):6050-6051.
[12]	Nie W,Tsai H,Asadpour R,et al.High-efficiency Solution-processed Perovskite Solar Cells with Millimeter-scale Grains[J]. Science,2015,347(6221):522-525.
[13]	Yang W S,Noh J H,Jeon N J,et al.High-performance Photovoltaic Perovskite Layers Fabricated Through Intramolecular Exchange[J]. Science,2015,348(6240):1234-1237.
[14]	Wang B,Xiao X,Chen T. Perovskite Photovoltaics:A High-efficiency Newcomer to the Solar Cell Family[J]. Nanoscale,2014,6(21):12287-12297.
[15]	Kazim S,Nazeeruddin M K,Gratzel M,et al.Perovskite as Light Harvester:A Game Changer in Photovoltaics[J]. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl,2014,53(11):2812-2824.
[16]	XUE Qifan,SUN Chen,HU Zhicheng,et al.Recent Advances in Perovskite Solar Cells:Morphology Control and Interfacial Engineering[J]. Acta Chim Sin,2015,73(3):179-192(in Chinese). 薛启帆,孙辰,胡志诚,等. 钙钛矿太阳电池研究进展:薄膜形貌控制与界面工程[J]. 化学学报,2015,73(3):179-192.
[17]	RONG Yaoguang,MEI Anyi,LIU Linfeng,et al.All-solid-state Mesoscopic Solar Cells:From Dye-sensitized to Perovskite[J]. Acta Chim Sin,2015,73(3):237-251(in Chinese). 荣耀光,梅安意,刘林峰,等. 全固态介观太阳能电池:从染料敏化到钙钛矿[J]. 化学学报,2015,73(3):237-251.
[18]	GUO Xudong,NIU Guangda,WANG Liduo. Chemical Stability Issue and Its Research Process of Perovskite Solar Cells with High Efficiency[J]. Acta Chim Sin,2015,73(3):211-218(in Chinese). 郭旭东,牛广达,王立铎. 高效率钙钛矿型太阳能电池的化学稳定性及其研究进展[J]. 化学学报,2015,73(3):211-218.
[19]	Mitzi D B,Wang S,Feild C A,et al.Conducting Layered Organic-inorganic Halides Containing <110>-Oriented Perovskite Sheets[J]. Science,1995,267(5203):1473-1476.
[20]	Amat A,Mosconi E,Ronca E,et al.Cation-Induced Band-Gap Tuning in Organohalide Perovskites:Interplay of Spin-Orbit Coupling and Octahedra Tilting[J]. Nano Lett,2014,14(6):3608-3616.
[21]	Mosconi E,Ronca E,De Angelis F. First-Principles Investigation of the TiO2/Organohalide Perovskites Interface:The Role of Interfacial Chlorine[J]. J Phys Chem Lett,2014,5(15):2619-2625.
[22]	Kagan C R. Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials as Semiconducting Channels in Thin-Film Field-Effect Transistors[J]. Science,1999,286(5441):945-947.
[23]	Liu M,Johnston M B,Snaith H J. Efficient Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells by Vapour Deposition[J]. Nature,2013,501(7467):395-398.
[24]	Chen Q,Zhou H,Hong Z,et al.Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells via Vapor-assisted Solution Process[J]. J Am Chem Soc,2014,136(2):622-625.
[25]	Im J H,Lee C R,Lee J W,et al.6.5% Efficient Perovskite Quantum-dot-sensitized Solar Cell[J]. Nanoscale,2011,3(10):4088-4093.
[26]	Burschka J,Pellet N,Moon S J,et al.Sequential Deposition as a Route to High-performance Perovskite-sensitized Solar Cells[J]. Nature,2013,499(7458):316-319.
[27]	Huang F,Dkhissi Y,Huang W,et al.Gas-assisted Preparation of Lead Iodide Perovskite Films Consisting of a Monolayer of Single Crystalline Grains for High Efficiency Planar Solar Cells[J]. Nano Energy,2014,10(20):10-18.
[28]	Du T,Wang N,Chen H,et al.Comparative Study of Vapor- and Solution-crystallized Perovskite for Planar Heterojunction Solar Cells[J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces,2015,7(5):3382-3388.
[29]	Zhou H,Chen Q,Li G,et al.Photovoltaics. Interface Engineering of Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells[J]. Science,2014,345(6196):542-546.
[30]	Habisreutinger S N,Leijtens T,Eperon G E,et al.Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Composites as a Highly Stable Hole Collection Layer in Perovskite Solar Cells[J]. Nano Lett,2014,14(10):5561-5568.
[31]	Wojciechowski K,Saliba M,Leijtens T,et al.Sub-150 Degrees C Processed Meso-superstructured Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Efficiency[J]. Energy Environ Sci,2014,7(3):1142-1147.
[32]	Burschka J,Dualeh A,Kessler F,et al.Tris(2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine)cobalt(Ⅲ) as p-Type Dopant for Organic Semiconductors and Its Application in Highly Efficient Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells[J]. J Am Chem Soc,2011,133(45):18042-18045.
[33]	Zhu Z,Bai Y,Zhang T,et al.High-performance Hole-extraction Layer of Sol-gel-processed NiO Nanocrystals for Inverted Planar Perovskite Solar Cells[J]. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl,2014,53(46):12571-12575.
[34]	Noh J H,Im S H,Heo J H,et al.Chemical Management for Colorful, Efficient, and Stable Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Nanostructured Solar Cells[J]. Nano Lett,2013,13(4):1764-1769.
[35]	Zhu L,Xiao J,Shi J,et al.Efficient CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells with 2TPA-n-DP Hole-transporting Layers[J]. Nano Res,2015,8(4):1116-1127.
[36]	Snaith H J. Estimating the Maximum Attainable Efficiency in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells[J]. Adv Funct Mater,2010,20(1):13-19.
[37]	Shi J,Dong J,Lv S,et al.Hole-conductor-free Perovskite Organic Lead Iodide Heterojunction Thin-film Solar Cells:High Efficiency and Junction Property[J]. Appl Phys Lett,2014,104(6):063901-063904.
[38]	Heo J H,Im S H,Noh J H,et al.Efficient Inorganic-organic Hybrid Heterojunction Solar Cells Containing Perovskite Compound and Polymeric Hole Conductors[J]. Nat Photonics,2013,7(6):487-492.
[39]	Liu D,Kelly T L. Perovskite Solar Cells with a Planar Heterojunction Structure Prepared Using Room-temperature Solution Processing Techniques[J]. Nat Photonics,2014,8(2):133-138.
[40]	Kang S M,Ahn N,Lee J-W,et al.Water-repellent Perovskite Solar Cell[J]. J Mater Chem A,2014,2(47):20017-20021.
[41]	Qiu L,Deng J,Lu X,et al.Integrating Perovskite Solar Cells into a Flexible Fiber[J]. Angew Chem Int Ed Eng,2014,53(39):10425-10428.
[42]	Xing G,Mathews N,Sun S,et al.Long-range Balanced Electron- and Hole-transport Lengths in Organic-inorganic CH3NH3PbI3[J]. Science,2013,342(6156):344-347.
[43]	Shi T,Yin W-J,Yan Y. Predictions for p-Type CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskites[J]. J Phys Chem C,2014,118(44):25350-25354.
[44]	Gottesman R,Haltzi E,Gouda L,et al.Extremely Slow Photoconductivity Response of CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskites Suggesting Structural Changes under Working Conditions[J]. J Phys Chem Lett,2014,5(15):2662-2669.
[45]	Wang Y,Gould T,Dobson J F,et al.Density Functional Theory Analysis of Structural and Electronic Properties of Orthorhombic Perovskite CH3NH3PbI3[J]. Phys Chem Chem Phys,2014,16(4):1424-1429.
[46]	Roiati V,Mosconi E,Listorti A,et al.Stark Effect in Perovskite/TiO2 Solar Cells:Evidence of Local Interfacial Order[J]. Nano Lett,2014,14(4):2168-2174.
[47]	Colella S,Mosconi E,Fedeli P,et al.MAPbI3-xClx Mixed Halide Perovskite for Hybrid Solar Cells:The Role of Chloride as Dopant on the Transport and Structural Properties[J]. Chem Mater,2013,25(22):4613-4618.
[48]	Even J,Pedesseau L,Katan C,et al.Solid-State Physics Perspective on Hybrid Perovskite Semiconductors[J]. J Phys Chem C,2015,119(19):10161-10177.
[49]	Yin J,Cortecchia D,Krishna A,et al.Interfacial Charge Transfer Anisotropy in Polycrystalline Lead Iodide Perovskite Films[J]. J Phys Chem C Lett,2015,6(8):1396-1402.
[50]	Lindblad R,Bi D,Park B W,et al.Electronic Structure of TiO2/CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Solar Cell Interfaces[J]. J Phys Chem C Lett,2014,5(4):648-653.
[51]	Wang L, McCleese C, Kovalsky A, et al. Femtosecond Time-resolved Transient Absorption Spectroscopy of CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Films:Evidence for Passivation Effect of PbI2[J]. J Am Chem Soc,2014,136(35):12205-12208.
[52]	O'Regan B C, Barnes P R, Li X, et al. Optoelectronic Studies of Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Solar Cells with Mesoporous TiO2:Separation of Electronic and Chemical Charge Storage, Understanding Two Recombination Lifetimes, and the Evolution of Band Offsets during J-V Hysteresis[J]. J Am Chem Soc,2015,137(15):5087-5099.
[53]	Eperon G E,Stranks S D,Menelaou C,et al.Formamidinium Lead Trihalide:A Broadly Tunable Perovskite for Efficient Planar Heterojunction Solar Cells[J]. Energy Environ Sci,2014,7(3):982-988.
[54]	Chung I,Lee B,He J,et al.All-solid-state Dye-sensitized Solar Cells with High Efficiency[J]. Nature,2012,485(7399):486-489.
[55]	Zuo F,Williams S T,Liang P W,et al.Binary-metal Perovskites Toward High-performance Planar-heterojunction Hybrid Solar Cells[J]. Adv Mater,2014,26(37):6454-6460.
[56]	Ding Y,Yao X,Zhang X,et al.Surfactant Enhanced Surface Coverage of CH3NH3PbI3-xClx Perovskite for highly Efficient Mesoscopic Solar Cells[J]. J Power Sources,2014,272:351-355.
[57]	Zuo C,Ding L. An 80.11% FF Record Achieved for Perovskite Solar Cells by Using the NH4Cl Additive[J]. Nanoscale,2014,6(17):9935-9938.
[58]	Chen C,Li C,Li F,et al.Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Low-temperature Solution-processed CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite/CuInS2 Planar Heterojunctions[J]. Nanoscale Res Lett,2014,9(1):457.
[59]	Wang L,Fu W,Gu Z,et al.Low Temperature Solution Processed Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells with a CdSe Nanocrystal as an Electron Transport/extraction Layer[J]. J Mater Chem C,2014,2(43):9087-9090.
[60]	Jiang Q,Sheng X,Shi B,et al.Nickel-Cathoded Perovskite Solar Cells[J]. J Am Chem Soc,2014,118(45):25878-25883.
[61]	Zhang F,Yang X,Wang H,et al.Structure Engineering of Hole-conductor Free Perovskite-based Solar Cells with Low-temperature-processed Commercial Carbon Paste as Cathode[J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces,2014,6(18):16140-16146.
[62]	Mei A,Li X,Liu L,et al.A Hole-conductor-free,fully Printable Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cell with High Stability[J]. Science,2014,345(6194):295-298.
[63]	Jeon N J,Lee H G,Kim Y C,et al.o-Methoxy Substituents in spiro-OMeTAD for Efficient Inorganic-organic Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells[J]. J Am Chem Soc,2014,136(22):7837-7840.
[64]	Li H,Fu K,Hagfeldt A,et al.A Simple 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene Based Hole-transporting Material for Perovskite Solar Cells[J]. Angew Chem Int Ed Eng,2014,53(16):4085-4088.
[65]	Lyu S,Han L,Xiao J,et al.Mesoscopic TiO2/CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells with New Hole-transporting Materials Containing Butadiene Derivatives[J]. Chem Commun(Cambridge,UK),2014,50(52):6931-6934.
[66]	Sung S D,Kang M S,Choi I T,et al.14.8% Perovskite Solar Cells Employing Carbazole Derivatives as Hole Transporting Materials[J]. Chem Commun(Cambridge,UK),2014,50(91):14161-14163.
[67]	Christians J A,Fung R C,Kamat P V. An Inorganic Hole Conductor for Organo-lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells. Improved Hole Conductivity with Copper Iodide[J]. J Am Chem Soc,2014,136(2):758-764.
[68]	Liu X,Yu H,Yan L,et al.Triple Cathode Buffer Layers Composed of PCBM, C60, and LiF for High-Performance Planar Perovskite Solar Cells[J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces,2015,7(11):6230-6237.
[69]	Bera A,Wu K,Sheikh A,et al.Perovskite Oxide SrTiO3as an Efficient Electron Transporter for Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells[J]. J Phys Chem C,2014,118(49):28494-28501.
[70]	Hwang S H,Roh J,Lee J,et al.Size-controlled SiO2 Nanoparticles as Scaffold Layers in Thin-film Perovskite Solar Cells[J]. J Mater Chem A,2014,2(39):16429-16433.
[71]	Pathak S K,Abate A,Ruckdeschel P,et al.Performance and Stability Enhancement of Dye-Sensitized and Perovskite Solar Cells by Al Doping of TiO2[J]. Adv Funct Mater,2014,24(38):6046-6055.
[72]	Chandiran A K,Yella A,Mayer M T,et al.Sub-nanometer Conformal TiO2 Blocking Layer for High Efficiency Solid-state Perovskite Absorber Solar Cells[J]. Adv Mater,2014,26(25):4309-4312.
[73]	Wang K C,Shen P S,Li M H,et al.Low-temperature Sputtered Nickel Oxide Compact thin Film as Effective Electron Blocking Layer for Mesoscopic NiO/CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Heterojunction Solar Cells[J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces,2014,6(15):11851-11858.
[74]	Liu C,Wang K,Du P,et al.High Performance Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells with Fullerene Derivatives as the Electron Transport Layer[J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces,2015,7(2):1153-1159.
[75]	Liu D,Yang J,Kelly T L. Compact Layer Free Perovskite Solar Cells with 13.5% Efficiency[J]. J Am Chem Soc,2014,136(49):17116-17122.
[76]	Todorov T,Gershon T,Gunawan O,et al.Perovskite-kesterite Monolithic Tandem Solar Cells with High Open-circuit Voltage[J]. Appl Phys Lett,2014,105(17):173902-173904.
[77]	Brabec C J,Shaheen S E,Winder C,et al.Effect of LiF/metal Electrodes on the Performance of Plastic Solar Cells[J]. Appl Phys Lett,2002,80(7):1288-1290.
[78]	Seo J,Park S,Chan Kim Y,et al.Benefits of Very Thin PCBM and LiF Layers for Solution-processed p-i-n Perovskite Solar Cells[J]. Energy Environ Sci,2014,7(8):2642-2646.
[79]	Shi J,Dong J,Lv S,et al.Hole-conductor-free Perovskite Organic Lead Iodide Heterojunction Thin-film Solar Cells:High Efficiency and Junction Property[J]. Appl Phys Lett,2014,104(6):063901-063904.
[80]	Etgar L,Gao P,Xue Z,et al.Mesoscopic CH3NH3PbI3/TiO2 Heterojunction Solar Cells[J]. J Am Chem Soc,2012,134(42):17396-17399.
[81]	Ke W,Fang G,Wang J,et al.Perovskite Solar Cell with an Efficient TiO2 Compact Film[J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces,2014,6(18):15959-15965.
[82]	Zimmermann E,Ehrenreich P,Pfadler T,et al.Erroneous Efficiency Reports Harm Organic Solar Cell Research[J]. Nat Photonics,2014,8(9):669-672.
[83]	Unger E L,Hoke E T,Bailie C D,et al.Hysteresis and Transient Behavior in Current-voltage Measurements of Hybrid-perovskite Absorber Solar Cells[J]. Energy Environ Sci,2014,7(11):3690-3698.
[84]	Snaith H J,Abate A,Ball J M,et al.Anomalous Hysteresis in Perovskite Solar Cells[J]. J Phys Chem Lett,2014,5(9):1511-1515.