氢能的发展机遇与面临的挑战

doi:10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.220059

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

氢能作为一种重要的清洁可再生能源受到越来越多的关注。本文首先从能源资源、CO₂减排、大规模能源储存3个方面简略地说明了氢能的发展机遇。随后更多的是对氢能发展面临的一些挑战进行了介绍，这些也是氢能发展的瓶颈，这些问题不解决，氢能难以产业化应用。所以本文围绕着制氢、储运、基础设施、关键设备、安全等一些领域，对国内外的研究状况以及最新动态进行了介绍，并对一些具体问题和技术做了进一步的说明，给出了一些方向和技术指标。另外，对氢能应用，也提出了一些多样化的建议，可供产业化开发参考。

关键词: 氢能, 氢能产业, 碳中和, 机遇, 挑战

Abstract:

This paper firstly briefly explains the development opportunities of hydrogen energy from three aspects of energy resources， CO₂ emission reduction and large-scale energy storage. Subsequently， some challenges faced by the development of hydrogen energy are introduced， and they are also the bottleneck of hydrogen energy development. If these problems are not solved， it is difficult for hydrogen energy to be industrialized. Therefore， focusing on hydrogen production， storage and transportation， infrastructure， key equipment， safety and other fields， this paper introduces the research status and the latest trends in the world， further explains some specific problems and technologies， and gives some directions and technical indicators. In addition， some diversified suggestions for the application of hydrogen energy are also put forward and can be used as a reference for industrial development.

Key words: Hydrogen energy, Hydrogen industry, Carbon neutralization, Opportunity, Challenge

中图分类号:

O613.2

李星国. 氢能的发展机遇与面临的挑战[J]. 应用化学, 2022, 39(7): 1157-1166.

Xing-Guo LI. Development Opportunities and Challenges of Hydrogen Energy[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2022, 39(7): 1157-1166.

图/表 10

图1 全球能源消耗分布及未来展望［1-2］

Fig.1 Distribution and future prospects of global energy consumption［1-2］

图2 各种燃料分子中的碳原子数和氢/碳原子比

Fig.2 The number of carbon atoms and hydrogen/carbon atoms in various fuel molecules

图3 IRENA预测的今后光伏电、风力发电和化石燃料制氢成本变化［8-9］

Fig.3 Future changes in the cost of photovoltaic， wind power and hydrogen production from fossil fuels forecasted by IRENA［8-9］

图4 液氮冷却氢气膨胀制冷的氢气液化示意图和5 t/d规模液氢站的能量损失分析［10］

Fig.4 Schematic diagram of hydrogen liquefaction in liquid nitrogen cooled hydrogen expansion refrigeration and analysis of energy loss in 5 t/d liquid hydrogen station［10］

表1 氢能相关产品的国内外状况比较

Table 1 Comparison of hydrogen?related products at home and abroad

	核心指标 Core Index		国内 Internal	国际 International
产业链上游	氢气的制取		化石燃料制氢、工业副产氢、水电解制氢等	化石燃料制氢、水电解制氢、生物制氢等
产业链中游	氢气储运		基本为压缩气氢进行运输，多为30 MPa Ⅲ型钢瓶储氢瓶	气氢和液氢，气氢储氢70 MPa Ⅳ型碳纤维瓶
	加氢站		均为气氢站且数量较少（23座）	加氢站数量较多，且部分为液氢站
	燃料电池动力系统	电堆体积功率密度	体积功率2.2～2.7 kW/L 成本6000元/kW	体积功率3.1 kW/L 成本1000元/kW
		电堆质量功率密度	约2.2 kW/kg	约2.5 kW/kg
		燃料电池系统功率	30～60 kW	92～114 kW
		电堆催化剂	铂载量0.6 g/kW	铂载量0.19 g/kW
		客车车载工况寿命	3000～5000 h	12000～18000 h
		轿车车载工况寿命	2000 h	>5000 h
		车0~100 km/h加速性能	15 s	9.6～12.5 s
		低温启动性能	-20～-10 ℃	-30 ℃
		氢气循环泵	依赖进口	较为成熟
		空气压缩机	不稳定、故障率高	较为成熟
产业链下游	交通领域		1873辆（主要为客车）	美国6000多辆，日本3000多辆
产业链下游	电源领域		国内尚无应用	日本ENE?FARM系统较为成熟

图5 氢能产业发展在不同领域和不同阶段有待解决的一些技术问题［13］

Fig.5 Some technical problems to be solved in different fields and stages of hydrogen energy industry development［13］

图6 氢能源产业链图

Fig.6 Hydrogen energy industry chain diagram

图7 未来的氢能应用领域和规模预测［14］

Fig.7 Future application field and scale prediction of hydrogen energy［14］

图8 氢气轮发电机示意图和风电光伏电及氢燃料电池的连用［15］

Fig.8 Schematic diagram of hydrogen turbine generator and combination of wind power photovoltaic and hydrogen fuel cell［15］

图9 不同方法制氢伴随着的CO2排放［20］

Fig.9 CO2 emissions associated with hydrogen production by different methods［20］

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