Research Progress in Design and Application of Transition Metal Electrode for Capacitive Deionization

doi:10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.230142

Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry ›› 2023, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (9): 1215-1232.DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.230142

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Research Progress in Design and Application of Transition Metal Electrode for Capacitive Deionization

Si-Yang XING¹^,², Fei YU³, Jie MA¹^,²()

^1.Research Center for Environmental Functional Materials，College of Environmental Science and Engineering，Tongji University，Shanghai 200092，China
^2.School of Civil Engineering，Kashi University，Kashi 844008，China
^3.College of Marine Ecology and Environment，Ocean University，Shanghai 201306，China

Received:2023-05-15 Accepted:2023-06-27 Published:2023-09-01 Online:2023-09-14
Contact: Jie MA
About author:jma@tongji.edu.cn
Supported by:
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22276137)

Abstract

Abstract:

Capacitive deionization （CDI）， an emerging method for water desalination and ion separation， has received much attention due to its advantages of high ion selectivity， high water recovery and low energy consumption. Compared with the traditional carbon electrodes， the emerging Faraday electrode offers a unique opportunity to make the desalination performance of CDI significantly improved through the Faraday reaction of ion capture. Transition metal-based electrodes have received much attention in the field of CDI electrode design due to their highly reversible Faraday response， relatively high conductivity， and excellent theoretical pseudocapacitance values. In this paper， we systematically summarize and sort out the material classification of transition metal-based electrodes in CDI applications， and summarize the modification engineering performed for their intrinsic defects， mainly including conductive material coupling， functional architecture engineering and defect engineering， etc.， and summarize their performance in CDI applications； in addition， the specific applications of transition metal-based electrodes in CDI are particularly introduced in terms of ion selective separation， metal ion removal and nutrient element recovery. Finally， the paper also outlines the remaining challenges and research directions to provide guidance for future development and research of transition metal chemical substance electrodes.

Key words: Capacitive deionization, Desalination, Transition metals, Electrode design, Ion adsorption

CLC Number:

O614

Si-Yang XING, Fei YU, Jie MA. Research Progress in Design and Application of Transition Metal Electrode for Capacitive Deionization[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2023, 40(9): 1215-1232.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig.1 The crystal structure of manganese oxides：（a） β-MnO2，（b） γ-MnO2，（c） α-MnO2，（d） δ-MnO2，（e） λ-MnO2［41］. （f） The idealized structure of carbonate-intercalated LDHs with different M2+/M3+ molar ratios［42］

Fig.2 （a） Schematic diagram of MAX phase etching and Na+ （de） intercalation of Ti3C2-MXene［66］. （b） Electrode potential at different cell voltages and （c） cyclic voltammograms at 5 mV/s for anode and cathode of MXene in 1 mol/L NaCl［68］. （d） AFM image and thickness profiles along the arrow of porous Ti3C2T x architectures and （e） electroadsorption rate of porous Ti3C2T x， restacked Ti3C2T x， and activated carbon electrodes in 500 mg/L NaCl［69］

Fig.3 Crystal structures of MoS2 with （a） 2H phase and （b） 1T phase［81］. （c） Cyclic voltammetric curve of the MoS2/CNT electrode at 5 mV/s［73］ and （d） electrochemical in situ Raman diagram for anodic polarization in 1 mol/L NaCl solution［82］

Fig.4 （a） Transmission electron micrographs of Ti3C2T x /Ag［88］；（b） TEM of CoFe-LDH/Ti3C2T x［55］；（c） TEM of Ti3C2T x /PAN and （d） SEM image of Ti3C2T x /PAN-14［89］；（e） SEM and （f） TEM images of TiO2/Ti3C2［9］；（g） XRD patterns of different electrodes［95］

Table 1 Comparison of CDI performance of transition metal electrodes under different modification engineering

Modify engineering	Electrode	Applied voltage/Specific current	Salinity/（mg·L^-1）	Specific capacitances	SAC/（mg·g^-1）	Ref.
Conductive species coupling	Ti₃C₂T _x /Ag	20 mA/g	585	—	135 mg_Cl-/g	［90］
Conductive species coupling	CoFe-LDH/ Ti₃C₂T _x	50 mA/g	1 170	—	149.25 mg/g	［55］
	MNH	10 mA/g	1 000	—	53 mg/g	［106］
	Alk-Ti₃C₂T _x -M	40 mA/g	1 000	—	50 mg/g	［107］
	N-TiO_2-_x /C	100 mA/g	1 000	23.6 mA·h/g	33.4 mg/g	［88］
	Ti₃C₂T _x /PAN-14	60 mA/g	1 000	—	73.42 mg/g	［89］
	Bi NCs@CNBs	600 mA/g	1 170	585.16 F/g	106.09 mg/g	［108］
	L-S-Ti₃C₂T _x	30 mA/g	585	169 F/g	72 mg/g	［91］
Functional architecture engineering	h-Co（OH）₂	30 mA/g	585	32 F/g	117 mg/g	［33］
Functional architecture engineering	1D/2D TiO₂/Ti₃C₂	15 mA/g	500	—	75.62 mg/g	［9］
	CMO-MS-600	1.2 V	1 000	293.8 F/g	60.7 mg/g	［109］
	mPDA/MXene	1.5 V	1 000	—	37.72 mg_Na+/g	［34］
Defect engineering	Na-FeOOH//Cl-FeOOH	1.2 V	500	—	35.12 mg/g	［35］
	Defect-rich MoS₂	0.8 V	100	221.35 F/g	35 mg/g	［37］
	dMSG-5	0.8 V	200	—	25.47 mg/g	［36］

Fig.5 Comparison of hydration free energy， bare ion radius and hydrated radius between some typical ions［104］

Fig.6 （a） Shape of a cycle of a battery cell volta （ΔE） vs. charge （q） in the device， showing the required energy［119］. （b） Changes in the concentration of lithium and other cations in the lithium concentration chamber［122］. （c） The E-pH diagram for chromium speciation predominance and （d） comparison of binding energies between ferrocene and a series of oxygen ions calculated by DFT［123］

Fig.7 （a） Effects of contact time on the phosphate adsorption of AC and pure Mg-M3+ LDHs and （b） effects of ionic strengths and coexisting anions on the capacitive uptake of phosphate［132］；（c） Nitrate electro-sorption and nitrate electro-reduction by Pd/NiAl-LMO electrode［133］

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Research Progress in Design and Application of Transition Metal Electrode for Capacitive Deionization

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