Research Progress on the Application of Rare Earth Luminescent Materials in Immunoassay

doi:10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.250259

Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry ›› 2025, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (8): 1057-1069.DOI: 10.19894/j.issn.1000-0518.250259

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Research Progress on the Application of Rare Earth Luminescent Materials in Immunoassay

Bin DAI¹, Lin PENG², Xue-Ning ZHU¹, Te WANG³, Sai-Nan YANG¹(), Ling-Ling ZHANG³()

^1.Hunan Environment Biological Polytechnic，Hengyang 421000，China
^2.Hunan Drug Inspection Center，Changsha 410000，China
^3.State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization，Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry，Chinese Academy of Sciences，Changchun 130022，China

Received:2025-06-28 Accepted:2025-07-08 Published:2025-08-01 Online:2025-08-11
Contact: Sai-Nan YANG,Ling-Ling ZHANG
About author:zhangll@ciac.ac.cn
keepmoving9@163.com；
Supported by:
Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation Project(2023JJ60207)

Abstract

Abstract:

Rare earth （RE） luminescent materials， leveraging unique optical properties such as long fluorescence lifetimes， large Stokes shifts， and narrow-band emissions， have become pivotal for high-sensitivity immunoassays. Rare earth luminescent materials can be broadly classified into the following categories： 1） organic coordination compound-based rare earth luminescent materials， 2） inorganic matrix-doped rare earth luminescent materials， and 3） upconversion nanoluminescent materials. This article systematically reviews the properties of rare earth elements， the types and principles of luminescent materials. Based on three biometric detection techniques， namely time-resolved fluorescence detection， near-infrared （NIR-Ⅱ） fluorescence detection， and upconversion fluorescence detection， it delves into the applications of rare earth luminescent materials in the field of immunoassay. Finally， it discusses the challenges these materials face in clinical applications and prospects for future development.

Key words: Rare earth luminescent materials, Time-resolved fluorescence, Immunoassay, Biosensors

CLC Number:

O613

Bin DAI, Lin PENG, Xue-Ning ZHU, Te WANG, Sai-Nan YANG, Ling-Ling ZHANG. Research Progress on the Application of Rare Earth Luminescent Materials in Immunoassay[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2025, 42(8): 1057-1069.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig.1 Types and application fields of rare earth luminescent materials［41-42］

Table 1 Application of rare earth luminescent compounds in time resolved fluorescence detection

Rare earth compound	Analysis technique	Target	Linear range/（ng·mL^-1）	LOD/（ng·mL^-1）	Ref.
Eu chelates	Time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay	African swine fever virus	0.24~5	0.015	［44］
Sm chelates	Time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay	Lipoprotein（a）	0~5	0.000 64	［45］
Eu chelates	Time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay	Aflatoxin B1	0.1~3.94	0.1	［46］
Eu cryptate	Homogenous time-resolved fluorescence	Bacterial protective antigen	2~2 500	2	［47］
LiLuF₄∶Ce/Tb NPs	Time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer	Biotin	0~152 600	210	［48］
Eu chelate	Time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer	Cardiac troponin I	0~1.16	0.097	［49］
Eu chelate	AlphaLISA	Staphylococcal enterotoxin B	0.025~25	0.025	［50］

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of carcinoembryonic antigen detection by time-resovlved fluoroimmunoassay （TRFIA） based on immunomagnetic beads［54］

Fig.3 （A） Schematic diagram of the binding of free biotin and streptavidin；（B） Schematic diagrams of the principle for quantitative determination of biotin by TR-FRET. In the presence of free biotin， the binding probability of APC-labeled biotin decreases， resulting in weaker fluorescence intensity at 665 nm and stronger fluorescence intensity at 620 nm；（C） Curve diagram of the changes in fluorescence signal with biotin concentration［59］；（D） Schematic diagram of the ADP sensor： in the presence of free ADP， the FRET process between Tb-labeled antibody-bound ADP and QDs is weakened；（E） Spectra of the fluorophores of the ADP sensor［60］

Fig.4 （A） Schematic diagram of the principle of light-initiated chemiluminescent assay technology；（B） Graph showing the relationship between CRP concentration and chemiluminescence signal based on light-initiated chemiluminescent assay technology；（C） Graph showing the relationship between IFN-γ concentration and chemiluminescence signal based on light-initiated chemiluminescent assay technology；（D） Graph showing the relationship between PCT concentration and chemiluminescence signal based on light-initiated chemiluminescent assay technology［66］；（E） Schematic diagram of light-initiated chemiluminescent assay of GM［67］

Fig.5 （A） Flow chart of microsphere encoding by quantum dots；（B） Schematic diagram of the principle of multi-LOCI technology for multiplex detection［73］

Fig.6 （A） Vertical cross-sectional view of the signal-to-noise ratio of different types of fluorescent probes in the LFA platform；（B） Structural diagram of NaYF4∶7%Nd@NaYF4 nanoparticles［78］；（C） Structural diagram of Yb，Er/Ce co-doped nanoparticles with 1550 nm emission under 980 nm excitation；（D） Schematic diagram of the lateral flow immunoassay platform based on NIR-Ⅱ emitting Yb，Er/Ce co-doped nanoparticles［79］

Fig.7 （A） Schematic illustration of the construction of rare earth upconversion nanoprobes and the CA125 sensing based on luminescence resonance energy transfer technology［82］；（B） Schematic diagram of miRNA-21 detection［83］

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Research Progress on the Application of Rare Earth Luminescent Materials in Immunoassay

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