气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱分析人参炮制品中的挥发性成分

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王微, 郑飞, 葛岩, 乔梦丹, 越皓, 刘淑莹. 气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱分析人参炮制品中的挥发性成分[J]. 应用化学, 34(8): 965-970
WANG Wei, ZHENG Fei, GE Yan, et al. Analysis of Volatile Components in Processed Ginseng by GC-MS/MS[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry, 34(8): 965-970 复制到剪切板

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气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱分析人参炮制品中的挥发性成分

王微, 郑飞, 葛岩, 乔梦丹, 越皓^*, 刘淑莹

长春中医药大学,吉林省人参科学研究院长春 130117

通讯联系人:越皓,研究员; Tel:0431-86763986; Fax:0431-86763987; E-mail:yuehao@sohu.com; 研究方向:天然产物的色谱质谱分析

收稿日期:2016-11-29 修回日期:2016-12-20 接受日期:2017-01-20

基金:国家自然科学基金资助项目(3140040275);

摘要

人参炮制的化学成分变化研究主要集中在皂苷和糖类,本文首次从挥发性成分角度阐释了人参不同炮制品的物质基础。利用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS/MS)方法,对鲜参、生晒参和红参中挥发性成分及其衍生规律进行研究。采用TG-5SILMS非极性气相色谱柱,以He为载气,通过NIST MS Spectral Database对挥发性成分进行检测并鉴定。鲜参、生晒参、红参中分别检出30、33和34种挥发性成分,其中生晒参中(-)-斯巴醇含量为鲜参含量的31.98倍,辛醛等8种挥发性成分为鲜参中含量的3倍以上,红参中有环癸等10种挥发性成分为鲜参中含量的3倍以上。生晒参和红参中各有4种挥发性成分在鲜参中未检出。

关键词: 气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱; 鲜参; 生晒参; 红参; 挥发性成分

中图分类号:O657 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1000-0518(2017)08-0965-06

Analysis of Volatile Components in Processed Ginseng by GC-MS/MS

WANG Wei, ZHENG Fei, GE Yan, QIAO Mengdan, YUE Hao, LIU Shuying

Jilin Ginseng Academy,Changchun University of Chinese Medicine,Changchun 130117,China

Corresponding author:YUE Hao, professor; Tel:0431-86763986; Fax:0431-86763987; E-mail:yuehao@sohu.com; Research interests:analysis of natural product by LC-MS

Received:2016-11-29 Revised:2016-12-20 Accepted:2017-01-20

Fund:Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.3140040275)

Abstract

The research of chemical changes in ginseng processing has been focusing on saponins and sugars. In this paper, volatile components in ginseng were studied for the first time, which provide a substance basis for different processed ginseng. The volatile components and their derivative paths of fresh ginseng, sun-dry ginseng and red ginseng were studied by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS/MS). The volatile components were detected and analyzed using TG-5SILMS nonpolar GC column, with He as the carrier gas through the NIST MS Spectral Database. Thirty, thirty-three and thirty-four species of volatile compounds in fresh ginseng, sun-dry ginseng and red ginseng were detected, respectively. The content of (-)-spartak alcohol in sun-dry ginseng is 31.98 times higher than that in the fresh ginseng, while the levels of eight volatile components such as octanal in sun-dry ginseng is three times higher than those in the fresh ginseng. The contents of ten volatile components such as cyclodecanone in red ginseng are 3 times higher than those in the fresh ginseng. Four volatile compounds in sun-dry ginseng and in red ginseng are not detected in fresh ginseng.

Keyword: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; fresh ginseng; sun-dry ginseng; red ginseng; volatile compound

Show Figures

人参是多年生五加科草本植物人参( Panax Ginseng C.A. Mey.)的干燥根和根茎,具有生津养血、安神益智和抑制肿瘤等功效^[1]。人参中活性成分主要包括人参皂苷、人参多糖、氨基酸、挥发性成分等^[2],其中人参皂苷与人参糖类的研究较多^[3,4,5]。人参挥发性成分气味独特,抗疲劳等功能性产品已上市。人参中的挥发性成分质量分数仅为0.1%~0.5%,但其消炎、镇咳、抗疲劳、使神经中枢兴奋等作用明显,还能够通过抑制癌细胞的核酸代谢、糖代谢达到抑制癌细胞生长的作用^[6],其中 β-榄香烯在抗癌方面得到了较多的研究和关注^[7,8]。人参有生晒参和红参等不同炮制品,功效不同,气味也不同,生晒参中炔醇类物质较蒸制过的炮制品中含量高,其对革兰阳性金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、肺炎双球菌等抑菌作用更强^[9],同时其抗肿瘤和神经保护等活性更强^[10,11]。气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS/MS)技术与NIST MS Spectral Database结合使用,常用作脂肪酸和挥发性成分的测定^[12,13]。本研究采用水蒸气回流提取法结合气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱联用检测技术^[14,15],建立了GC-MS/MS测定人参挥发性成分的方法,应用于对鲜参、生晒参和红参中挥发性成分的比较,明确鲜参及其炮制品挥发性成分的组成,推断生晒参和红参中的挥发性成分衍生路径,为人参炮制机理的研究提供挥发性成分的化学数据。

1 实验部分

1.1 仪器和试剂、药材

TRACE 1310 GC-Triple Quadrupole MS型气相色谱串联质谱仪(美国Thermo Science公司)。

正己烷(色谱纯,TEDIA公司),蒸馏水(实验室自制)。鲜参(5年生);生晒参(由同批次鲜参人参挖出洗净放置通风阴凉处阴干后的炮制品);红参(由同批次鲜参经过清洗、分选、蒸制5 h后、50 ℃烘干等工序加工而成)。

1.2 实验方法

1.2.1 样品提取精密称取粉碎后过150 μm筛的样品100 g,加入600 mL水,水蒸气回流提取8 h,将提取到的挥发性转移至离心管中,并用2 mL正己烷冲洗容器内壁,涡旋3 min,取正己烷层,从中准确吸取20 μL于1 mL容量瓶中,用正己烷稀释并定容,即得供试品溶液。生晒参和红参按照炮制前后重量比例提取制备。

1.2.2 GC-MS操作条件 GC条件:TG-5SILMS非极性色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm)。进样口温度为250 ℃,初始温度50 ℃,保持3 min;升温程序,从50 ℃开始,先以5 ℃/min升至120 ℃,再以1 ℃/min升至125 ℃,保持3 min,再以1 ℃/min升至130 ℃,保持3 min,再以1 ℃/min升至135 ℃,保持3 min,再以1 ℃/min升至140 ℃,保持3 min,再以1 ℃/min升至145 ℃,保持3 min,再以1 ℃/min升至150 ℃,保持3 min;载气为He,载气流量为1.2 mL/min;分流比为35,进样量为1 μL。

MS条件:EI离子源,进样口温度270 ℃,离子源温度250 ℃,传输线温度250 ℃,扫描范围50~500 m/z。

2 结果与讨论

2.1 挥发性成分的定性分析

从图1可以看出,鲜参、生晒参和红参中的挥发性成分差异较大,在化合物数量和含量方面,炮制前后及不同方法炮制均对挥发性成分有显著的影响。

	Figure Option View Download New Window Download As Powerpoint Slide
	图1 鲜参总离子色谱图( A)、生晒参总离子色谱图( B)和红参总离子色谱图( C)Fig.1 The total ion chromatography of the fresh ginseng( A), the sun-dry( B) and the red ginseng( C)

GC-MS由于具有恒定的70 eV电离能和标准数据库,因此能够不使用标准对照品,鉴定挥发性成分^[16,17]。本研究通过GC-MS/MS一级质谱图分子量和二级串联质谱子离子信息,与NIST MS Spectral Database数据库比对,鉴定了40个人参中的挥发性化合物,具体如表1所示。

表1 鲜参、生晒参、红参挥发性成分定性分析 Table 1 The volatile components in qualitative analysis of fresh ginseng, sun-dry ginseng and red ginseng

No.	Retention time/min	Compounds	Formula	Molecular mass	Relative peak area
					Fresh	Sun-Dry	Red
					ginseng	ginseng	ginseng
1	6.96	α-Pinene	C₁₀H₁₆	136	1	0.24	0.77
2	7.43	Camphene	C₁₀H₁₆	136	1	0.17	0.53
3	8.27	β-Pinene	C₁₀H₁₆	136	1	0.24	0.38
4	8.66	Ningene	C₁₀H₁₆	136	1	1.98	1.05
5	9.07	Octanal	C₈ $\begin{matrix} {H_{1}}_{0} \end{matrix}$ O	128	1	4.90	1.70
6	15.85	Benzene,2-methoxy-4-methyl-1-(1-methyl)-	C₁₁H₁₆O	164	1	0.48	-
7	16.78	Cyclodecanone	C₁₀H₁₈O	154	-	+	+
8	17.31	6-(5-Methyl-furan-2-yl)-hexan-2-one	C₁₁H₁₆O₂	180	-	++	+
9	18.13	Cedrene	C₁₅H₂₄	204	1	0.51	0.76
10	18.93	β-Elemene	C₁₅H₂₄	204	1	0.71	0.61
11	19.14	4,4,6-Trimethyl-cyclohex-2-en-1-ol	C₉H₁₆O	140	-	+	-
12	19.52		C₁₄H₂₀O	204	1	0.83	0.56
13	19.93	2-(3-Isopropyl-4-methyl-pent-3- en-1-ynyl)-2-methyl-cyclobutanone	C₁₄H₂₀O	204	1	1.11	0.72
14	20.95	Ginsengene	C₁₅H₂₄	204	1	1.29	0.67
15	21.24	Caryophyllene	C₁₅H₂₄	204	1	0.77	0.70
16	21.76	Neoclovene	C₁₅H₂₄	204	1	-	0.40
No.	Retention time/min	Compounds	Formula	Molecular mass	Relative peak area
					Fresh	Sun-Dry	Red
					ginseng	ginseng	ginseng
17	22.22	Aromadendrene	C₁₅H₂₄	204	1	1.15	0.89
18	22.64	Aristolene	C₁₅H₂₄	204	1	0.90	0.77
19	23.21	α-Elemene	C₁₅H₂₄	204	1	1.52	0.89
20	23.65	Farnesene	C₁₅H₂₄	204	-	-	++
21	24.50	Transcaryophyllene	C₁₅H₂₄	204	1	0.88	0.68
22	24.76	Ai Li Mo phenol	C₁₅H₂₄	204	1	1.09	1.04
23	25.22	β-Selinene	C₁₅H₂₄	204	1	0.32	0.49
24	25.63	δ-Cadinene	C₁₅H₂₄	204	1	1.05	0.58
25	26.47	á-Guaiene	C₁₅H₂₄	204	-	++	-
26	26.63	1 H-Cycloprop[e]azulene,1a,2,3,5,6,7,7a,7b-octahydro- 1,1,4,7-tetramethyl-,[1aR-(1aà,7à,7aá,7bà)]-	C₁₅H₂₄	204	1	1.21	2.97
27	26.87	Azulene,1,2,3,3a,4,5,6,7-octathydro-1,4,dimethyl- 7-(1-methylethenyl)-,[1R,(1à,3aá,4à,7á)]-	C₁₅H₂₄	204	1	0.16	0.27
28	27.56	Naphthalene,1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,8a-dimethyl- 7-(1-methylthemyl)-,[1R-(1à,7á,8aà)]-	C₁₅H₂₄	204	++	-	-
29	28.44	1-(1,5-dimethylhexyl)-4-methylbenzene	C₁₅H₂₄	204	1	0.93	1.10
30	30.26		C₁₅H₂₆O	222	1	1.86	1.66
31	32.04	New ginseng terpene alcohols	C₁₅H₂₆O	222	-	-	++
32	32.61	(-)-Spathulenol	C₁₅H₂₄O	220	1	31.98	5.47
33	33.24	β-Piperonyl butylene	C₁₅H₂₄	204	1	1.86	-
34	33.35	Globulol	C₁₅H₂₆O	222	-	-	++
35	33.94	ξ-EIMACHALENE	C₁₅H₂₆O	222	1	1.42	4.32
35	34.83	7- epi-cis-Sesquisabinene	C₁₅H₂₆O	222	-	-	++
37	35.02	à-Acorenol	C₁₅H₂₆O	222	1	-	3.74
38	35.22	Caryophyllene oxide	C₁₅H₂₄O	220	-	++	-
39	35.97	4- epi-Cubedol	C₁₅H₂₆O	222	-	++	+
40	37.42	2 H-3,9a-Methanol-1-benzoxepin,octahydro- 2,2,5a,9-tetramethyl-,[3R-(3à,5aà,9à,9aà)]-	C₁₅H₂₆O	222	1	2.10	1.35

In the table:the peak area of compound in fresh ginseng was 1 and the relationship area of processed ginseng was calculated by ratio between the amount of processed ginseng and fresh ginseng. “-”:none of the components, “+”:indicates the peak area of 10⁶, “++”:peak area is 10⁷ , “+++”:peak area of 10⁸.

表1 鲜参、生晒参、红参挥发性成分定性分析 Table 1 The volatile components in qualitative analysis of fresh ginseng, sun-dry ginseng and red ginseng

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	图2 鲜参、生晒参、红参挥发性成分定性分析比较Fig.2 The comparison of the volatile compounds in fresh ginseng, sun-dry ginseng and red ginseng

由表1和图2可知,鲜参、生晒参和红参中共检测出40种挥发性成分,其中烯类22种,醛类1种,酮类3种,醇类8种,杂环类6种。鲜参共中检测出烯类20种挥发性成分,醛类1种,酮类1种,醇类4种,杂环类4种,共30种挥发性成分;生晒参中检测出烯类20种,醛类1种,酮类3种,醇类4种,杂环类5种,共33种挥发性成分;红参中检测出烯类19种,醛类1种,酮类3种,醇类8种,杂环类3种,共34种挥发性成分。

2.2 炮制过程中挥发性成分的转化

由图2中发性成分研究结果可知,生晒参在阴干或晾干过程中挥发性成分有部分损失,使含量降低或挥发性成分种类减少,有少数新挥发性成分生成;红参由于经过高温蒸制及低温烘干等热处理后,一部分挥发性成分含量明显增高,推测是由与其结构相似的挥发性成分转化而来,使其含量增加。推断炮制后部分发现的新挥发性成分的衍生途径如表2。

表2 挥发性成分存在的转化关系 Table 2 Transformation relationship of volatile components

炮制过程中,鲜参中具有不饱和双键的挥发性成分,加热条件下,易发生加成反应,生成饱和的或部分饱和的加成产物。人参中化学成分含量较多且相互作用复杂,红参的炮制过程中化学成分之间相互作用,有大量酶参与反应,故一些含量较高的成分不能确定是由结构相似的化合物转化而得,其生成过程有待进一步研究和讨论。

生晒参中(-)-斯巴醇含量为鲜参含量的31.98倍,为红参含量的5.84倍,是生晒参中检测出最多的挥发性成分。研究表明,(-)-斯巴醇属聚炔醇类化合物,是五加科植物中较常见的成分,具有很强的抗肿瘤活性,可抑制血管紧张素II诱导的血管收缩,降低自发性高血压大鼠平均动脉压,同时还具有抗炎及抗血小板凝集活性。人参脂溶性成分(含聚醇类)具明显促进神经细胞生长的活性,可降低血压、降血脂及对冠心病患者有食疗作用^{[18,19,20,21]}。由于鲜参、生晒参和红参中艾里莫酚烯含量均相对较高,且可能转化为(-)-斯巴醇,由此可见鲜参在晾晒成生晒参时,一部分艾里莫酚烯转化为(-)-斯巴醇,使生晒参在抗肿瘤活性、降血压、降血脂方向的作用更加明显。

红参中金合欢烯是鲜参和生晒参中均不含有的特有成分,有报道^[22]称金合欢醇具有消炎健胃作用,民间将金合欢醇用于治疗风湿扭伤等病,符合无梗五加在《中华本草》中传统药理的记载。由于鲜参中不含该成分,不具有该功效,但由于鲜参中含有的 α-榄香烯含量较红参高,且在鲜参炮制成红参的过程中可能转化为金合欢烯,故红参较鲜参增加了消炎健胃的作用。

3 结论

本文通过气相色谱-质谱联用方法,检测了鲜参、生晒参、红参中的挥发性成分,并对炮制前后差异较大的化合物进行了衍生规律推测,结合已报道的化合物生物活性,从挥发性成分的角度阐释了人参炮制品的物质基础,为人参的临床应用和规范化炮制质量控制提供了化学数据支持。

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[9]	Kobaisy M, Abramowski Z, Lermer L, et al. Antimycobacterial Polyynes of Devil's Club(Oplopanax horridus), a North American Native Medicinal Plant[J]. J Nat Prod, 1997, 60: 1210-1213. [本文引用:1]
[10]	Sohn J, Lee C H, Chung D J, et al. Effect of Petroleum Ether Extract of Panax Ginseng Roots on Proliferation and Cell Cycle Progression of Human Renal Cell Carcinoma Cells[J]. Exp Mol Med, 1998, 30(1): 47-51. [本文引用:1]
[11]	DUAN Xianchun, XIA Lunzhu, WANG Yongzhong, et al. Protective Effects of Panaxynol on Nerve Cells under Oxygen and Glucose Deprivation[J]. Chinese J Exp Tradit Med Formulae, 2011, 17(16): 180-183(in Chinese). 段贤春, 夏伦祝, 汪永忠, 等. 人参炔醇对氧糖剥夺神经细胞损伤的保护作用[J]. 中国实验方剂学, 2011, 17(16): 180-183. [本文引用:1]
[12]	Xing J, Sun H M, Li Z Y, et al. Comparison of Volatile Components Between Raw and Vinegar Baked Radix Bupleuri by GC-MS Based Metabolic Fingerprinting Approach[J]. Evid-Based Compl Alter Med, 2015: 1-7. [本文引用:1]
[13]	Aranda-Rodriguez R, Cabecinha A, Harvie J, et al. A Method for Quantification of Volatile Organic Compounds in Blood by SPME-GC-MS/MS with Broader Application;From Non-Occupational Exposure Population to Exposure Studies[J]. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci, 2015, (992): 76-85. [本文引用:1]
[14]	Ma X Y, Zhang L H, Shao H B. Jerusalem Artichoke(Helianthus tuberosus L. ), a Medicinal Salt-Resistant Plant has High Adaptability and Multiple-Use Values[J]. J Med Plants Res, 2011, 5(8): 1275-1282. [本文引用:1]
[15]	Zead H, Khaldun M Al A, Yuliya T, et al. Analysis of Essential Oil in Jerusalem Artichoke(Helianthus tuberosus L. ) Leaves and Tubers by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry[J]. Adv Pharm Bull, 2014, 4(Suppl 2): 521-526. [本文引用:1]
[16]	MAHEMUTI Maimaitiming, MILIBAN Nuojia, MAERHABA Wusiman. Analysis of Volatile Oils and Fatty Acids in Tamarix Chinensis Fruit[J]. Chinese J Appl Chem, 2015, 32(2): 239-244(in Chinese). 马合木提·买买提明, 米丽班·霍加, 玛尔哈巴·吾斯满. 柽柳实中挥发油和脂肪酸分析[J]. 应用化学, 2015, 32(2): 239-244. [本文引用:1]
[17]	LI Xiaoli, LIU Baofeng, XIE Wenbing, et al. The Contrastive Analysis of Puffballs Produced from Inner Mongolia and Jilin[J]. Chinese J Appl Chem, 2012, 29(4): 477-482(in Chinese). 李小丽, 刘宝峰, 谢文兵, 等. 内蒙和吉林产地马勃的对比分析[J]. 应用化学, 2012, 29(4): 477-482. [本文引用:1]
[18]	LIN Zhaozhan, ZHU Chenchen, ZHANG Cuixian, et al. Studies on Chemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil from Leaves of Eucommia[J]. J Trop Subtrop Botany, 2009, 17(4): 401-405(in Chinese). 林朝展, 祝晨蔯, 张翠仙, 等. 杜虹花叶挥发油化学成分及抗氧化活性研究[J]. 热带亚热带植物学报, 2009, 17(4): 401-405. [本文引用:1]
[19]	Shinji T, Denan J, Kazuyoshi K, et al. Effects of a Lipoxygenase Inhibitor, Panaxynol, on Vascular Contraction Induced by Angiotensin II[J]. Jpn J Pharm, 1999, 80(1): 89-92. [本文引用:1]
[20]	Fujimoto Y, Sakuma S, Komatsu S, et al. Inhibition of 15-Hydroxyprostahlandin Dehydrogenase Activity in Rabbit Gastricantral Mucosa by Panaxynol Isolated from Oriental Medicines[J]. J Pharm Pharmacol, 1998, 50(9): 1075-1078. [本文引用:1]
[21]	ZOU Kun, ZHU Shu, CAI Shaoqing, et al. HPLC/UV Analysjs of Lipid Extract from Panax Ginseng Roots with Neural Outgrowth Activity[J]. J China Three Gorges Univ(Nat Sci), 2002, 24(4): 155-160(in Chinese). 邹坤, 朱姝, 蔡少青, 等. HPLC结合API-MS/MS研究扣子七的人参皂甙[J]. 三峡大学学报(自然科学版), 2002, 24(4): 155-160. [本文引用:1]
[22]	SONG Yang. Optimization of Extraction Technology and Chemical Constituents of Volatile Oil from Root of the Root[J]. Shanxi Med J, 2014, 43(5): 487-489(in Chinese). 宋洋. 无梗五加根挥发油提取工艺的优化及其化学成分研究[J]. 山西医药杂志, 2014, 43(5): 487-489. [本文引用:1]

2015

0.0

DAI

Yulin

, YUE

Hao

, SUN

Changjiang

, et al. Determination of Ginsenosides in Processed Ginseng by Rapid Resolution Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight Tandem Mass Spectrometry[J]. Chinese J Anal Chem, 2015, 43(8): 1181-1186(in Chinese).

戴雨霖, 越皓, 孙长江, 等. 高分离度快速液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱法分析酒制和醋制人参的皂苷类成分[J]. 分析化学, 2015, 43(8): 1181-1186.

... )的干燥根和根茎,具有生津养血、安神益智和抑制肿瘤等功效^[1] ...

2011

0.0

Jing

, JIA

, ZHAO

Yuqing.

Constituents of Ginseng and Quality Evaluation of Ginseng Products[J]. Drug Eval Res, 2011, 34(3): 199-202(in Chinese).

徐静, 贾力, 赵余庆. 人参化学成分与人参产品的质量评价[J]. 药物评价研究, 2011, 34(3): 199-202.

This paper retrospectively analyzes the information concerning ginseng and ginsenosides, summarizes the ginseng contains saponins, polysaccharides, poly-acetylene, flavonoids and volatile oil constituents. Beginning with the chemical constituents of ginseng, its market research and quality criteria are detailed and in-depth studied, the total of ginsenosides and the ratio of Rb₁/Rg₁ are used as standardization of ginseng products; This paper also review analytical methods, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is the preferred method to analyze the chemical constituents of ginseng, in recent years the multi-methods combined improves its sensitivity and specificity, and simplifies the process of analysis. We hope that the paper can provide useful information for further exploitation and utilization of ginseng and its derivatives.

参考文献资料，总结人参中皂苷、多糖、聚炔、黄酮类和挥发油5大类成分，从人参的化学成分入手，对人参产品市场研究及质量标准进行了简述和探讨，人参皂苷总量和Rb₁/Rg₁的比例常作为人参产品的标准化指标。同时对人参化学成分分析方法进行了概述，高效液相色谱（HPLC）是分析人参化学成分的首选方法，近年来发展起来的多方法联合应用提高了检测灵敏度和专属性，也简化了分析过程。希望通过此项工作为开发利用人参及其衍生物提供参考。

... 人参中活性成分主要包括人参皂苷、人参多糖、氨基酸、挥发性成分等^[2],其中人参皂苷与人参糖类的研究较多^[3-5] ...

2014

0.0

Jing

, DAI

Yulin

, ZHENG

Fei

, et al. Oral Absorption and in vivo Biotransformation of Ginsenosides[J]. Chinese J Biol, 2014, 27(12): 1633-1636(in Chinese).

李晶, 戴雨霖, 郑飞, 等. 人参皂苷的口服吸收及体内转化[J]. 中国生物制品学杂志, 2014, 27(12): 1633-1636.

... 人参中活性成分主要包括人参皂苷、人参多糖、氨基酸、挥发性成分等^[2],其中人参皂苷与人参糖类的研究较多^[3-5] ...

2009

0.0

HAN

Dong

, ZHANG

Tiejun

, TANG

Cheng

, et al. Research Progress on Pharmacokinetics of Panax Ginseng Saponins[J]. Chinese Tradit Herb Drugs, 2009, 40(2): fu1-fu3(in Chinese).

韩冬, 张铁军, 唐铖, 等. 人参皂苷的药动学研究进展[J]. 中草药, 2009, 40(2): 附1-附3.

综述了人参皂苷的药动学研究进展，分别介绍了人参皂苷Rb₁、人参皂苷Rb₂、人参皂苷Re、人参皂苷RG₁、人参皂苷Rg₂、人参皂苷Rg₃、人参皂苷Rh₂的药物动力学的研究和人参皂苷Rb₁、人参皂苷Rb₂、人参皂苷Rc、人参皂苷Rd、人参皂苷Re、人参皂苷RG₁、人参皂苷Rg₂、人参皂苷Rg₃的代谢研究，并对人参的药动学进行了展望。

2014

0.0

REN

Ming

, HAO

Xiaoshi

, YE

Lingyan

, et al. Extraction and Isolation of Polysaccharide from Ginseng and Its Anti-tumor Activity in vitro[J]. J Jilin Univ(Med Ed), 2014, 40(4): 812-815(in Chinese).

任明, 郝筱诗, 叶伶艳, 等. 人参多糖的提取分离及其体外抗肿瘤作用[J]. 吉林大学学报(医学版), 2014, 40(4): 812-815.

目的:从人参中提取分离人参多糖,对其进行初步鉴定分析,观察人参多糖的体外抗肿瘤活性。方法:采用水提醇沉法和Sevage法提取人参多糖,应用红外光谱对其结构进行初步的鉴定分析;小鼠前列腺癌RM-1细胞株和人宫颈癌HeLa细胞株分为对照组和不同浓度(50、100、200、300、400和500mg·L-1)人参多糖组,MTT法检测各组细胞的生长抑制情况,通过细胞毒性T细胞(CTL)实验检测不同浓度人参多糖对肿瘤细胞的间接杀伤作用,即细胞毒性乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放率。结果:人参多糖的提取率为8.76%,经鉴定成分为多糖。MTT实验,不同浓度人参多糖处理RM-1和HeLa细胞24h后,与对照组比较,各浓度人参多糖组细胞存活率差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。CTL实验,与对照组比较,不同浓度人参多糖组细胞毒性LDH释放率显著升高(P0.05);随着人参多糖浓度的增加,细胞毒性LDH释放率先升高后降低,人参多糖浓度为100mg·L-1时,细胞毒性LDH释放率最大。结论:人参多糖可以通过激活T细胞来间接抑制肿瘤细胞生长,起到抗肿瘤的作用。

... 人参中活性成分主要包括人参皂苷、人参多糖、氨基酸、挥发性成分等^[2],其中人参皂苷与人参糖类的研究较多^[3-5] ...

2014

0.0

ZHAO

Hua

, WEI

Jianhua

, XU

Tao

, et al. Analysis of Volatile Oil Components of Panax Ginseng by GC-MS[J]. Ginseng Res, 2014, (3): 45-48(in Chinese).

赵花, 魏建华, 徐涛, 等. 人参挥发油成分的GC-MS分析[J]. 人参研究, 2014, (3): 45-48.

目的用索氏提取法乙醚提取人参挥发油化学成分的GC-MS分析,确定化学成分的种类及相对含量。方法采用乙醚为溶剂用索氏提取法提取人参中的挥发油(即人参的脂溶性成分),用面积归一化法测定各组分的体积分数,并采取气质联用(GC-MS)对挥发油进行鉴定及含量测定。结果鉴定了71个化合物,主要为脂肪酸和酯、挥发油。结论乙醚提取人参,得到的化合物经知网、万方数据库查询,在人参挥发油中未见报道的有23种。

... 5%,但其消炎、镇咳、抗疲劳、使神经中枢兴奋等作用明显,还能够通过抑制癌细胞的核酸代谢、糖代谢达到抑制癌细胞生长的作用^[6],其中β ...

2009

0.0

... -榄香烯在抗癌方面得到了较多的研究和关注^[7-8] ...

2013

0.0

Liying

, ZHANG

Xingzhong

, DU

Huilian

, et al. Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of β-Elemene Derivatives Bearing Amino Acid Moiety[J]. Chinese J Med Chem, 2013, 23(3): 169-175(in Chinese).

徐莉英, 张兴忠, 杜惠莲, 等. β-榄香烯氨基酸衍生物的合成及抗肿瘤活性[J]. 中国药物化学杂志, 2013, 23(3): 169-175.

目的设计合成β-榄香烯氨基酸衍生物,并进行体外、体内抗肿瘤活性研究。方法采用烯丙位的氯代反应合成β-榄香烯氯代物,再与氨基酸甲酯反应合成目标化合物。采用磺酰罗丹明B(SRB)染色法测定目标化合物体外对肿瘤细胞增殖的抑制作用,以小鼠腋下移植瘤为模型进行体内抗肿瘤试验,考察化合物5h对Lew is肺癌LL/2、肝癌H22模型的抑制作用。结果共合成15个β-榄香烯氨基酸和β-榄香烯氨基酸甲酯衍生物,其中12个化合物未见文献报道,合成化合物的结构经红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱和质谱确证。大部分目标化合物对人癌细胞HL-60、HeLa、SGC-7901的IC50值低于β-榄香烯。体内试验结果显示,化合物5h对Lewis肺癌LL/2、肝癌H22的生长有显著抑制作用。结论在β-榄香烯结构中引入氨基酸或氨基酸甲酯结构片段有利于提高此类化合物的抗肿瘤活性。

... -榄香烯在抗癌方面得到了较多的研究和关注^[7-8] ...

1997

0.0

... 人参有生晒参和红参等不同炮制品,功效不同,气味也不同,生晒参中炔醇类物质较蒸制过的炮制品中含量高,其对革兰阳性金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、肺炎双球菌等抑菌作用更强^[9],同时其抗肿瘤和神经保护等活性更强^[10-11] ...

1998

0.0

2011

0.0

DUAN

Xianchun

, XIA

Lunzhu

, WANG

Yongzhong

, et al. Protective Effects of Panaxynol on Nerve Cells under Oxygen and Glucose Deprivation[J]. Chinese J Exp Tradit Med Formulae, 2011, 17(16): 180-183(in Chinese).

段贤春, 夏伦祝, 汪永忠, 等. 人参炔醇对氧糖剥夺神经细胞损伤的保护作用[J]. 中国实验方剂学, 2011, 17(16): 180-183.

Objective: To study the protective effects of panaxynol against nerve cells injury induced by oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD). Method: Cultured PC12 cells, treated with OGD, panaxynol (10,20 mg·L^-1) and nimodipine (100 μmol·L^-1), were divided into control group, OGD group, panaxynol group and nimodipine group. Cell morphology was observed by fluorescence microscopy and neuronal apoptosis was detected by Hoechst/PI double-dyed flow cytometry, through to determine the release of LDH and cell _i, the neuroprotective effect of panaxynol was observed. Result: Panaxynol could reduce the LDH release of PC12 cell injury induced by OGD (P＜0.05,0.01), restrain the production of Ca²⁺(P＜0.05,0.01), decrease neuron apoptosis and necrosis significantly (P＜0.05,0.01). Conclusion: Panaxynol can reduce nerve cells injury induced by OGD,has the action for nerve cell protection.

目的: 探讨人参炔醇对氧糖剥夺(OGD)致神经细胞损伤的保护作用。方法: 体外培养PC12细胞,分为正常对照组、OGD组、人参炔醇组、尼莫地平组,加入含0.5 mmol·L^-1 Na₂SO₄的无糖Earle's液建立OGD损伤模型,以人参炔醇(10,20 mg·L^-1)、尼莫地平(100 μmol·L^-1)处理。采用荧光显微镜观察细胞形态,Hoechst和PI双染流式细胞分析仪检测凋亡率,测定培养上清液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的活性与细胞Ca²⁺浓度,观察人参炔醇对OGD致PC12细胞损伤的保护作用。结果: 人参炔醇能够减少OGD损伤PC12细胞LDH的释放(P＜0.05,P＜0. 01),抑制Ca²⁺的过量产生(P＜0.05,P＜0. 01)、显著减少细胞凋亡及坏死(P＜0.05,P＜0. 01)。结论: 人参炔醇对OGD致神经细胞损伤具有保护作用。

2015

0.0

... 气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS/MS)技术与NIST MS Spectral Database结合使用,常用作脂肪酸和挥发性成分的测定^[12-13] ...

2015

0.0

... 气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS/MS)技术与NIST MS Spectral Database结合使用,常用作脂肪酸和挥发性成分的测定^[12-13] ...

2011

0.0

... 本研究采用水蒸气回流提取法结合气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱联用检测技术^[14-15],建立了GC-MS/MS测定人参挥发性成分的方法,应用于对鲜参、生晒参和红参中挥发性成分的比较,明确鲜参及其炮制品挥发性成分的组成,推断生晒参和红参中的挥发性成分衍生路径,为人参炮制机理的研究提供挥发性成分的化学数据 ...

2014

0.0

2015

0.0

MAHEMUTI

Maimaitiming

, MILIBAN

Nuojia

, MAERHABA

Wusiman.

Analysis of Volatile Oils and Fatty Acids in Tamarix Chinensis Fruit[J]. Chinese J Appl Chem, 2015, 32(2): 239-244(in Chinese).

马合木提·买买提明, 米丽班·霍加, 玛尔哈巴·吾斯满. 柽柳实中挥发油和脂肪酸分析[J]. 应用化学, 2015, 32(2): 239-244.

... GC-MS由于具有恒定的70 eV电离能和标准数据库,因此能够不使用标准对照品,鉴定挥发性成分^[16-17] ...

2012

0.0

Xiaoli

, LIU

Baofeng

, XIE

Wenbing

, et al. The Contrastive Analysis of Puffballs Produced from Inner Mongolia and Jilin[J]. Chinese J Appl Chem, 2012, 29(4): 477-482(in Chinese).

李小丽, 刘宝峰, 谢文兵, 等. 内蒙和吉林产地马勃的对比分析[J]. 应用化学, 2012, 29(4): 477-482.

采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和裂解-气质联用(Py-GCMS)从微观形貌、元素组成、主要类别及小分子的化学组成等方面对产自内蒙和吉林的马勃中药材直接进行原位分析,并对产自两地的马勃进行区分。SEM结果表明,内蒙马勃属于灰包科栓皮马勃属栓皮马勃;吉林马勃属于灰包科静灰球属长根静灰球菌。FTIR光谱显示,内蒙马勃在酰胺Ⅰ带吸收峰1636 cm-1,而吉林马勃的在1654 cm-1。吉林马勃二阶导数红外光谱在1625 cm-1有较强的吸收峰说明吉林马勃含芳香环骨架的化合物含量高于内蒙马勃,与Py-GCMS的结论中吉林马勃苯酚、对甲苯酚含量明显高于内蒙马勃相符。另外,Py-GCMS结果可以分析出两地马勃的裂解成分及含量的差异。

... GC-MS由于具有恒定的70 eV电离能和标准数据库,因此能够不使用标准对照品,鉴定挥发性成分^[16-17] ...

2009

0.0

LIN

Zhaozhan

, ZHU

Chenchen

, ZHANG

Cuixian

, et al. Studies on Chemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil from Leaves of Eucommia[J]. J Trop Subtrop Botany, 2009, 17(4): 401-405(in Chinese).

林朝展, 祝晨蔯, 张翠仙, 等. 杜虹花叶挥发油化学成分及抗氧化活性研究[J]. 热带亚热带植物学报, 2009, 17(4): 401-405.

The compositions of the essential oil from the leaves of Callicarpa formosana Rolfe in Guangdong Province were analyzed by means of GC-MS technique, and 48 chemical constituents, accounting for 90.14% of total content were identified. The main components were (-)-spathulenol (20.23%), β-caryophyllene (17.22%), germacrene D (8.06%) and β-eudesmene (5.52％). Besides, some sesquiterpenes and their oxides, such as t-elemene (4.18%), aristolene (3.78％), isoaromadendrene oxide (2.71%) and 4-terpineol (2.50%) had also relatively high contents. The tested oils at three concentrations displayed ability to scavenge the stable free radical DPPH and showed a concentration-effect relationship.

采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)对杜虹花(Callicarpa formosana Rolfe)叶挥发油的化学成分进行分析，并用DPPH法测定其抗氧化活性。结果表明，从杜虹花叶挥发油中鉴定出48种成分，占总挥发油的90.14%。其中(-)-斯巴醇(20.23%)、β-石竹烯(17.22%)、大根香叶烯(8.06%)和β-桉叶烯(5.52%)为其主要成分。此外，t-榄香烯(4.18%)、马兜铃烯(3.78％)、异香橙烯氧化物(2.71％)及4-松油醇(2.50%)的含量也较高。抗氧化实验中，3种不同浓度的挥发油均对DPPH自由基有一定的清除能力，且有明显的量-效相关性。

... 人参脂溶性成分(含聚醇类)具明显促进神经细胞生长的活性,可降低血压、降血脂及对冠心病患者有食疗作用^[18-21] ...

1999

0.0

1998

0.0

2002

0.0

ZOU

Kun

, ZHU

Shu

, CAI

Shaoqing

, et al. HPLC/UV Analysjs of Lipid Extract from Panax Ginseng Roots with Neural Outgrowth Activity[J]. J China Three Gorges Univ(Nat Sci), 2002, 24(4): 155-160(in Chinese).

邹坤, 朱姝, 蔡少青, 等. HPLC结合API-MS/MS研究扣子七的人参皂甙[J]. 三峡大学学报(自然科学版), 2002, 24(4): 155-160.

目的分析人参属植物药扣子七的人参皂甙类成分,为本属植物化学分类以及临床应用提供依据。方法利用HPLC与API-MS/MS分析。结果扣子七的甲醇提取物中人参皂甙Ro(ginsenoside Ro)竹节皂甙Ⅳa(chikuseksusaponin Ⅳa)为主要成分,含有少量人参皂甙(ginsenosides)Re和Rb_1,微量的竹节参皂甙Ⅳ(chikuseksusaponin Ⅳ),三七皂甙R_2(notoginsenoside R_2),人参皂甙Rc和Rd。另有两个竹节参皂甙Ⅳa的异构体。结论扣子七的原植物与珠子参、竹节参、屏边三七、姜状三七等近缘,而与人参、西洋参、三七等种间差异较大;人参皂甙Ro和竹节皂甙Ⅳa这两种齐墩果烷皂甙可能是扣子七抗炎活性的主要有效成分。

... 人参脂溶性成分(含聚醇类)具明显促进神经细胞生长的活性,可降低血压、降血脂及对冠心病患者有食疗作用^[18-21] ...

2014

0.0

SONG

Yang.

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Chemical Constituents of Volatile Oil from Root of the Root[J]. Shanxi Med J, 2014, 43(5): 487-489(in Chinese).

宋洋. 无梗五加根挥发油提取工艺的优化及其化学成分研究[J]. 山西医药杂志, 2014, 43(5): 487-489.

... 红参中金合欢烯是鲜参和生晒参中均不含有的特有成分,有报道^[22]称金合欢醇具有消炎健胃作用,民间将金合欢醇用于治疗风湿扭伤等病,符合无梗五加在《中华本草》中传统药理的记载 ...